American 
Pomolo^ical  Society 


A   SPECIAL    REPORT 

1904-5 


The  Cherry,  Peach,  Pear,  Plum 
Small   Fruits 


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THE    CHERRY 


TOGETHER    WITH 


REPORTS    AND     PAPERS     ON      PEAR,     PLUM, 
PEACH,  GRAPE,  AND   SMALL  FRUIT 


COMMITTEES  OF  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 


EDITED  BY  THE  SECRETARY 


[thaca,  N.  Y. 
July,  1905 


D.  H.  H5LL   UBTxASrr 
North  Carolina  St^te  College 


CONTENTS. 


Pages 

Officers  and  Committees 6-9 

Letter  of  Transmittal 9 

The  Committees 10 

Goodman,  L.  A.,  on  Missouri  exhibit 11 

Stanton,  J.  W.,  on  Illinois  exhibit 12 

The  Cherry  in  North  America. 

Letter  by  Chairman  Macoun 14 

Bigarreau  and  Duke  varieties 16-26 

Sour  cherries 27-38 

Status  of  the  cherry  in  United  States  and  Canada 39-45 

Varieties  recommended 46 

Cherries  at  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition 47 

Cherry  statistics 48-50 

Bibliography 5 1-60 

Pear  Growing,  present  trend.     Cornell,  J.  B 61-64 

Report  on  Plums.     Committee .  65-67 

Classification  of  the  Peach.     Price,  R.  H 68-71 

Report  Committee  on  Grapes.     Munson,  T.  V 72-77 

Report  of  Committee  on  Small  Fruits.     Stevens,  A.  F 77-82 


i.'ir  <iSo 


OFFICERS  AND  STANDING  COMMITTEES 

OF  THE 

AMERICAN   POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 

FOR 

1903-1904 


PRESIDENT  : 

J.  H.  HALE,  South  Glastonbury,  Conn. 

FIRST  VICE-PRESIDENT  : 

CHARLES  W.  GARFIELD,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 

STATE  VICE-PRESIDENTS  : 

Alabama W.  F.  Heikes Huntsville. 

Arizona H.  W.  Adams Glendale. 

Arkansas .      Ernest  Walker Fayetteville. 

British  Columbia R.  M.  Palmer Victoria. 

California    . ,    Luther  Burbank Santa  Rosa. 

Colorado     W.  S.  Coburn Paonia. 

Connecticut    N.  S.  Piatt New  Haven. 

Delaware S.  H.  Derby Woodside. 

District  of  Columbia G.  B.  Brackett Washington. 

Florida Geo.  L.  Taber Glen  St.  Mary. 

Georgia P.  J.  A.  Berckmans,  Jr.    .  .    Augusta. 

Hawaii J.  E.  Higgins Honolulu. 

Idaho A.  McPherson Boise. 

Illinois H.  M.  Dunlap Savoy. 

Indiana   James  Troop    Lafayette. 

Iowa     Charles  G.  Patten Charles  City. 

Kansas Wm.  H.  Barnes Topeka. 

Kentucky    .  .    . .    C.  W.  Mathews Lexington. 

Louisiana F.  H.  Burnette Baton  Rouge. 

Maine W.  M.  Munson Orono. 

Manitoba S.  A.  Bedford   Brandon. 

Maryland James  S.  Harris     Coleman. 

Massachusetts O.  B.  Hadwen Worcester. 

Michigan    C.J.   Monroe South  Haven. 

Minnesota .  .    S.  B.  Green St.  Paul. 

Mississippi A.M.  Augustine West  Point. 

Missouri J .  C.  Evans Harlem. 

Montana S.  M.  Emery Manhattan. 

Nebraska Geo.  A.  Marshall Arlington. 

Nevada Ross  Lewers Franktown. 

New  Hampshire C.   C.  Shaw      INIilford. 

New  Jersey I.  J.   Blackwell Titusville. 

New  Mexico Parker  Earle Roswell. 

New  York F.  M.  Hexamer,  52  Lafayette  PL,  New  York. 

North  Carolina J.  Van  Lindley   Pomona. 

North  Dakota C.  B.  Waldron Fargo. 

Northwest  Territories Angus  Mackay Indian  Head. 

Nova  Scotia R.  W.  Starr Wolfville. 

Ohio  ...    J.  J.  Harrison Painesville. 


6  American  Pomological  Society 

Oklahoma O.  M.  Morris Stillwater. 

Ontario A.  H.   Pettit Grimsby. 

Oregon     E.  L.  Smith Hood  River. 

Pennsylvania H.  A.  Chase,  1430  S.  Penn.  Sq.,  Philadelphia. 

Prince  Edward  Island Rev'd  Father  Burke  .    Alberton. 

Porto  Rico F.  D.  Gardner Mayaguez. 

Quebec Norman  E.  Jack Chateauguay  Basin. 

Rhode  Island    J  .  L.  Carpenter Cumberland. 

South  Carolina Charles  U .  Shepard Summerville. 

South  Dakota H.   C.  Warner.      Forestburg. 

Tennessee   John  Wieland Knoxville. 

Texas T.  V.  Munson     Denison. 

Utah Thomas  Judd St.  George. 

Vermont Wm.  Stewart .  Burlington. 

Virginia Samuel  B.  Woods Charlottsville. 

Washington N.  G.  Blalock Walla  Walla. 

West  Virginia F.  C.  Brooks French  Creek. 

Wisconsin Wm.  Marshall    Madison. 

Wyoming B.  C.  Buffum .  Laramie. 

SECRETARY : 

JOHN  CRAIG,  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

TREASURER : 

L.  R.  TAFT,  Agricultural  College,  Mich. 


STANDING    COMMITTEES. 

executive    COMMITTEE: 

C.  L.  Watrous Des  Moines,  la. 

Wm.  C.  Barry Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Wm.  Trelease St.  Louis,  Mo. 

G.  L.  Taber Glen  St.  Mary,  Fla. 

W.  T.  Macoun Ottawa,  Can. 

finance  committee  : 

J .  J ..  Harrison Painesville,  O . 

F.   Wellhouse   Fairmount,  Kans. 

L.  A.  Goodman Kansas  City,  Mo. 

general    FRUIT   COMMITTEE  : 
Chairman,  S.  A.  Beach,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

Alabama C.    F.  Austin       Auburn. 

Arizona A.   J.    McClatchie      Phcenix. 

Arkansas \Vm.   G.   Vincenheller Fayetteville. 

British  Columbia R.   M.  Palmer Victoria. 

California E.   J.  Wickson Berkeley. 

Colorado Wendell   Paddock Fort  Collins. 

Connecticut N.    S.  Piatt,  345  Whalley  Ave  .    .  New  Haven. 

Delaware.  .    .        .        J.    W.    Killen  ......  Felton. 

District  of  Columbia Wm.   N.  Irwin,  Dept.  of  Agrl  .    .  Washington. 

Florida P.  H.  Rolfs         Miami. 

Georgia George    H.   Miller Rome. 

Hawaii Byron  O.  Clark Wahiawa. 

Idaho Robert  Milliken Nampa. 

Illinois Geo.    J.    Foster Normal. 

Indiana CM.   Hobbs Bridgeport. 

Iowa Wesley  Green Des  Moines. 

Kansas Albert  Dickens  ...    • Manhattan. 

Kentucky C.  W.  Mathews Lexington. 

Louisiana F.    H.    Burnette Baton  Rouge. 

Maine D.  H.  Knowlton      Farmington. 

Manitoba S.  A.  Bedford  Brandon. 

Maryland A.  L.    Quaintance College  Park. 

Massachusetts S.  T.  Maynard Amherst. 

Michigan Roland  Morrill Benton  Harbor. 

Minnesota A.   K.  Bu.sh Dover. 

Mississippi A.  B.  McKay Agricultural  College. 


Standing  Committees 


Missouri  .... 
Montana  .... 
Nebraska.  .  . 
Nevada 

New  Brunswicli. 
New  Hampshire 
New   Jersey 
New  Mexico  .    . 
New  York 
North    Carolina 
North  Dakota 
Northwest  Territories 
Nova  Scotia  .    . 

Ohio 

Oklahoma  .... 
Ontario    .... 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  .  . 
Porto  Rico  .  .  . 
Quebec.  .    . 

Rhode  Island.  . 
South  Carolina  . 
South  Dakota.  . 
Tennessee   .    .    . 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont  .... 
Virginia  .... 
Washington 
West  Virginia  . 
Wisconsin ...  . 
Wyoming   .    .    . 


J.  C.  Whiten Columbia. 

.  S.  M.  Emery .    .      Manhattan. 

.  R.  A.    Emerson Lincoln. 

,  R.  H.  McDowell Reno 

,  S.  L.  Peters Queenstown. 

.  F.  Wm  Rane       Durham. 

D.  Aug.   VanDerVeer  ....  Freehold. 

L.    Bradford  Prince Santa  Fe. 

W.  T.  Mann Barker. 

Thos.  L   Brown Asheville. 

,  C.    B.  Waldron Fargo. 

George   Lang Indian  Head. 

.  F.  C.   Sears      Wolfville. 

W.  J.  Green Wooster. 

.  H.   H.  Cummins Cleo. 

.  L.    Woolverton Grimsby. 

.  E.  R.  Lake CoiTallis. 

.  Geo.  C.  Butz State  College. 

.  F.  D.   Gardner Mayaguez. 

.  Robert  Hamilton Grenville. 

.  F.  W.  Card Kingston. 

.  H.  B.  Buist Rock  Hill. 

N.  E.  Hansen      Brookings. 

.  Chas.  A.  Keffer      Knoxville. 

.  R.  H.  Price College  Station. 

J.  A.  Wright Ogden. 

.  D.  C.  Hicks N.  Clarendon. 

.  Geo.  E:  Murrell Fontella. 

,  N.  O.  Booth Pullman. 

.  T.  C.  Johnson Morgantown. 

E.  P.  Sandsten Madison. 

,  Uwen  Nelson Laramie. 


COMMITIEE    ON  NEW    FRUITS   OF   AMERICAN    ORIGIN. 

Chairman,  S.  B.  Gkeen,  St.  Paul,  Minn. 

Districts  i  and  2,  L.  R.  Taft Agr'l  College,  Mich. 

Districts  3  and  4,  Wm.  B.  Alwood      Blacksburg,  Va. 

Districts  5  and  7,  R.  C.  Berckmans Augusta,  Ga. 

District  6,  H.  Harold  Hume Raleigh,  N.  C. 

District  8,  A.  T.  Erwin  Ames,  la. 

Dis  rict  9,  Frederic  Cramfield  .  Madison.  Wis. 

Districts  10,  13,  14,  Wendell  Paddock Ft.  Collins,  Col. 

Districts  II,  12,  Fabian  Garcia Mesilla  Park,  N.  M. 

Districts  15,  16,  H.  E.  Dosch ...  Portland,  Ore. 

Districts  17,  18,  E.  J.  Wickson Berkeley,  Cal. 

District  ig,  A.  J.  McClatchie      Phoenix,  Ariz. 

COMMITTEE    ON    FOREIGN    FRUITS  : 

Chairman,  G.  L.  Taber,  Glen  St.  Mary,  Fla. 

P.  J.  Berckmans Upper  Montclair,  N.  J. 

L.  H.  Bailey  .  .    .  Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

D.  G.  Fairchild,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture Washington,  D.  C. 

B.  von  Herff       93  Nassau  St.,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

F.  H.  Burnette Baton  Rouge,  La. 

E.  R.   Lake CorvalHs,  Ore. 

W.  T.  Macoun Ottawa,  Canada. 

N.  E.  Hansen  Brookings,  S.  D. 

W.  T.  Swingle,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture Washington,  D.  C. 

COMMITTEE  ON  TROPICAL  AND  SUB-TROPICAL  FRUITS: 

Chairman,  A.  A.  Boggs,  Cocoanut  Grove,  Fla. 

Byron  O.  Clark Wahiawa,  Hawaii. 

Geo.  C.  Roeding Fresno,  Cal. 

H.  J.  Webber,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture Washington,  D.  C. 

C.  P.  Taft Orange,  Cal. 

Jon.  J.  Haden  ....  .    .  , Cocoanut  Grove,  Fla. 

G.  Onderdonk Nursery,  Texas. 

Chas.  H.  Shinn Berkeley,  Cal. 

A.  J.   McClatchie Phcenix,  Ariz. 

H.  Harold  Hume Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Frank  D.  Gardner Mayaguez,  Porto  Rico. 


COMMITTEE    ON    NOMENCLATURE: 
Chairman,  G.  B.  Brackbtt,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

H.  E.  VanDeman Washington,  D.  C. 

Benjamin  Buckman Farmingdale,  111. 

L.  R.  Taft Agr'l  College,  Mich. 

Luther  Burbank Santa  Rosa,  Cal. 

A.  G.  GuUey Storrs,  Conn. 

R.  H.  Price Long's  Shop,  Va. 


8  American  Pomological  Society 

COMMITl'EE    ON    REVISION    OF   CATALOGUE: 

Chairman,  W.  H.  Ragan,  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. 

E.  J.  Wickson Berkeley,  Cal. 

Wendell  Paddock Fort  Collins,  Col. 

E.  L.  Smith Hood  River,  Ore. 

S.  H.  Fulton.  .  Experiment,  Ga. 

H.  E.  Van  Deraan Washington,  D.  C. 

N.  S.  Piatt New  Haven,  Conn. 

SPECIAL   COMMITTEE    ON    SCORE-CARD  : 

Chairman,  F.  A.  Waugh,  Amherst,  Mass. 

W.  A.  Taylor Washington,  D.  C. 

J.  T.  Stinson.  . St.  Louis,  Mo. 

John  Craig Ithaca,  N.  Y. 

E.  S.  Hubbard Federal  Point,  Fla. 

SPECIAL    COMMITTEE  ON    INSPECTING   AND    GRADING    FRUIT  : 

Chairman,  C.  H.  Williamson,  Quincy,  111. 

F.  D.  Cunimings Portland,  Me. 

W.  A.   McKinnon  Ottawa,  Can. 

G.  Harold  Powell Washington,  D.  C. 

A.    A.    Boggs Cocoanut  Grove,  Fla. 

L.  A.  Goodman Kansas  City,  Mo. 


AD    INTERIM   COMMITTEE   OF   AWARDS. 

It  accordance  with   the    Rules  adopted  by  th-    Executive   Committee   the  following    Committee   was 
announced  for  the  period  ending  with  the  Kansas  City  Meeting  : 

General  Chairman,  Dr.  F.  M.  Hkxamer,  52  Lafayette  Place,  New  York,  N.  Y. 

SUB-COMMITTEE    ON    POME    FRUITS  : 

Chairman,  C.  W.  Garfield,  Grand  Rapids,  Mich. 
R.  S.  Northrup,  Logan,  Utah.  L.  A.  Goodman,  Kan-=as  City,  Mo. 

W.  T.  Macoun,  Ottawa,  Canada.  E.  F.  Babcock,  Waitsburg,  Washington. 

Wm.  C.  Strong,  Waban,  Mass.  Benjamin  Buckman,  Farmingdale,  111. 

SUB-COMMITTEE    ON    GRAPES  : 

Chairman,  S.  A.  Beach,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 
Raphael  Bush,  Bushber^,  Mo.  T.  V.  Munson.  Denison,  Texas. 

Geo.  C.  Husman,  Washington,  D.  C.  H.  V m  Luttichau,  Earleton,  Fla. 

Silas  Wilson,  Atlantic,  la.  H.  N.  Starnes,  Experiment,  Ga. 

SUB-COMMITTEE    ON     MISCELLANEOUS     AND     SMALL    FRUITS  : 

Chairman,  W.  J.  Green,  Wnoster,  Ohio. 
F.  W.  Card,  Kingston,  R.  I.  A   G.  Gulley,  Storrs,  Conn. 

M.  Crawford,  Cuyahoga  Falls,  Ohio.  L.  WooKerton,  Grimsby,  Ontario. 

L.  R.  Taft,  Agricultural  College,  Mich.  E.  L.  Smith,  Hood  River,  Oregon. 

SUB-COMMITTEE    ON    CITROUS    FRUITS  : 

Chairman,  G.  L.  Taber,  Glen  St.  Mary,  Fla. 
W.  H.  Backus,  Riverside,  Cal.  Chas.  H.  Shinn,  Niles,  Cal. 

H.  Harold  Hume,  Raleigh,  N.  C.  E.  L.  Koethen,  Riverside,  Cal. 

N.  W.  Blanchard,  Santa  Paula,  Cal.  W.  S.  Hart,  Hawks  Park,  Fla. 

SUB-COMMITTEE  ON  TROPICAL  AND  SUB-TROPICAL  FRUITS: 

Chairtnan,  E.  J.  Wickson,  Berkeley,  Cal. 
A. A. Boggs, Waynesboro, N.C.,orCocoanutGrove,  Fla.G.  Onderdonk,  Nursery,  Texas. 
Ellwood  Cooper,  S  inta  Barbara,  Cal.  A.  J.  -McClatchie,  Phoenix,  Ariz. 

P.  H.  Rolfs,  Miami,  Fla.  F.  H.  burnette.  Baton  Rouge,  La. 

SUB-COMMITTEE    ON     NUTS  : 

Chairman,  H.  E.  Van  Deman,  Washington,  D.  C. 
B.  M.  Young,  Morgan  City,  la.  Henry  E.  Dosch,  Hillsdale,  Oregon. 

J.  W.  Killen,  Felton,  Del.  J.  Russel  Smith,  Lincoln,  Va. 

N.  S.  Piatt,  Cheshire,  Conn.  Felix  Gillet,  Nevada  City,  Cal. 


SPECIAL  REPORT  OF  THE  AMERICAN 
POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 


A  STUDY  OF  THE  CHERRY 

WITH    NOTES    ON    CERTAIN    OTHER    CLASSES    OF    FRUITS 

It  was  first  proposed  to  call  a  meeting  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society  for  the  express  purpose  of  taking  advantage  of  the  peculiar  oppor- 
tunities afforded  by  the  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  in  1904  for  a  study 
of  fruits  in  relation  to  influence  of  soil,  latitude  and  location.  A  canvas 
of  our  members  showed  that  the  great  majority  were  in  favor  of  dispensing 
with  the  meeting  and  having  the  work  done  by  committees.  To  this  end 
competent  committees  were  appointed  to  take  up  the  study  of  the  leading 
classes  of  fruits.  Some  of  the  committees  attacked  their  tasks  systemati- 
cally and  with  a  spirit  of  thoroughness.  Others  were  prevented  by  various 
causes.  The  reports  of  these  committees,  together  with  additional  papers 
constitute  this  report. 

Among  the  topics  which  it  was  intended  to  present  were  monographs 
of  groups  or  types  of  fruit ;  promising  varieties  of  apples,  pears,  peaches, 
plums,  and  the  like  ;  quality  of  fruit  as  influenced  by  cold  storage  ;  quality 
as  influenced  by  elevation  ;  appearance  influenced  by  altitude  ;  the  ideal 
home  of  the  Ben  Davis  ;  the  ideal  home  of  Spy  ;  where  should  we  grow 
Elberta,  and  many  of  similar  character.     Many  of  these  have  been  omitted. 

We  regret  particularly  the  omission  of  the  report  by  the  committee  on 
apples.  The  chairman  of  that  committee  has  found  it  impossible  up  to  this 
time  to  collate  and  edit  the  large  amount  of  data  collected.  It  is  hoped 
that  this  will  be  forthcoming  later  and  that  we  may  therefore  present  it  in 
a  subsequent  volume  of  the  proceedings. 

One  of  the  important  parts  of  this  report  is  the  contribution  to  cherry 
literature  given  us  by  the  committee  on  that  fruit.  This  is  really  a  mono- 
graph of  the  subject  and  will  undoubtedly  prove  of  great  value  to  pomo- 
logists  and  teachers.     It  is  a  type  of  effort  we  hope  to  continue. 

John  Craig, 

Secretary. 
Ithaca,  N.  Y., 

July  10,  1905. 


American  Pomological  Society 


THE  COMMITTEES 


We  are  greatly  indebted  to  Frederick  W.  Taylor,  Chief  of  Agriculture 
and  Horticulture,  of  the  Louisiana  Purchase  exposition  for  his  hearty 
cooperation  in  furthering  the  work  of  the  committees.  This  was  done  by 
including  among  the  Exposition  jurors  a  large  number  of  the  members  of 
the  society's  committeemen.  The  work  of  the  juror  furnished  invaluable 
opportunity  for  the  collection  of  important  data.  The  personnel  of  the 
committees  was  carefully  considered  so  that  each  group  of  men  may  be 
looked  upon  as  experts  in  the  particular  field  which  they  represent. 
Committee  in  Charge  of  Report 

Apple Stinson,  J.  T.,  Springfield,  Mo.,  ^ 

Close,  C.  P.,  Newark,  Del., 

Craig,  John,  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  Y  No  report. 

Green,  S.  B.,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Minn., 

Hansen,  N.  E.,  Brookings,  S.  Dak.,  J 

Cherry W.  T.  Macoun,  Ottawa,  Can.,  "| 

T.  A.  Farrand,  S.  Haven  Fruit  Sta.,  Mich.,     V  Report  received. 

Little,  E.  E.,  Ames,  la.,  J 

Pear Beach,  S.  A.,  Geneva,  N.  Y.,  ")    No  report. 

Barry,  W.  C,  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  !    Paper  by  J.  R.  Cor- 

Maynard,  S.  M.,  Northboro,  Mass.,  [       nell,    Newburgh, 

Brackett,  G.  B.,  Washington,   D.  C,  J        N.  Y. 

Plum Waugh,  F.  A.,  Amherst,  Mass.,  ^ 

Kerr,  J.  W.,  Denton,  Md.,  '    ^  ^^^^.^^^ 

Watrous,  C.  L.,  Des  Momes,  la.,  [        ^ 

Hedrick,  U.  P.,  Lansing,  Mich.,  J 

Peach Whitten,  J.  C,  Columbia,  Mo.,  ^ 

Taft,  L.  R.,  Lansing,  Mich.,  I    Report     from     Mr. 

Price,  R.  H.,  Virginia,  j        Price. 

Heikes,  W.  F.,  Huntsville,  Ala.,  J 

Grape Munson,  T.  V.,  Denison,  Tex. ,  ") 

Hussman,  G.  C,  California,  l  r>„       ..    „     •   „j 

Pettit,  A.  H.,  Grimsby,  Can.,  h  ^"P^"^*  '^''^''''^■ 

Green,  W.  J.,  Wooster,  O.,  J 

Nuts Taylor,  W.  A.,  Washington,  D.  C,  ~| 

Van  Deman,  H.  E.,  Virginia,  >  No  report. 

Bumette,  F.  H.,  Baton  Rouge,  La.,  J 

Tropical  Fruits Hume,  H.  H.,  Raleigh,  N.  Car.,  ~| 

Berckmans,  L.  A.,  Augusta,  Ga.,  I    ■^J    ,.pr,„rf 

Kimball,  F.  C,  National  City,  Cal.,  f  ^  °  '^^P""' 

Stiles,  W.  C,  Chico,  Cal.,  J 

^"^^"  ^■'"'^^ ^b^;i  ^  J'"r  r  '  W.^^^^^^y-  ^^''-  l  Report  received. 

M.  Crawford,  Cuyahoga,  O.  )         ^ 


Special  Report 


NOTES  ON  THE   APPLE    GATHERED  FROM    THE  MISSOURI 
EXHIBIT 

L.  A.  Goodman 

The  gathering,  keeping  and  exhibiting  of  Missouri  Fruits  was  a  study, 
a  lesson,  a  work,  an  experiment.  Not  being  sure  of  some  of  the  results, 
or  of  the  plans  of  procedure  in  keeping  the  apples,  it  required  all  of  the 
different  lines  of  experiment  to  make  a  success  of  the  keeping.  We  began 
the  work,  therefore,  of  collecting  apples  for  cold  storage  on  Sept.  loth, 
and  finished  on  Nov.  ist,  1903.  Putting  into  storage  some  varieties  which 
we  supposed  would  not  hold  over,  we  were  agreeably  surprised  to  find  that 
they  came  out  of  storage  in  May  and  June  in  very  good  condition  indeed. 
These  were  such  varieties  as  Ortley,  Lowell  and  Wolf  River.  All  of  this 
fruit  was  gathered  when  in  the  best  of  condition,  that  is  ripe,  well  colored, 
firm  and  as  near  perfect  as  we  could  find  it.  The  specimens  were  at  once 
wrapped  in  tissue  paper  and  then  in  wax  paper  packed  closely  in  boxes,  or 
barrels  and  sent  at  once  by  express  to  the  cold  storage,  and  there  placed 
in  a  temperature  of  31  to  32  degrees,  and  held  at  this  temperature  during 
the  whole  of  the  season. 

I  am  sure  if  this  plan  is  followed  we  can  keep  apples  without  loss. 
Of  course  it  would  not  be  possible  in  a  commercial  way  to  follow  this  plan 
because  of  the  expense, but  the  nearer  we  can  approximate  this  plan  the  more 
perfectly  the  apples  will  keep.  We  exhibited,  for  instance  the  Gano  apple 
three  years,  two  years  and  one  year,  so  that  we  had  on  the  tables  during  the 
month  of  November,  1904,  plates  of  Gano  apples  of  1901,  1902,  1903 
and  1904.  As  a  result  of  our  plan  of  gathering  and  handling  we  also  kept 
Flora  Bell,  Ortley  and  Lowell  until  June  first  ;  Maiden  Blush  and  Wealthy 
until  July  first ;  Jeffries,  Wolf  River  and  Grimes  Golden  until  August ; 
Huntsman,  York,  Winesap,  Rome  Beauty,  Black  Twig  and  others  of  that 
class  held  until  September  and  October  in  splendid  condition,  except  that 
they  were  scalded  somewhat.  After  these  dates,  although  we  had  these 
varieties  on  the  tables  much  longer,  yet  they  showed  the  damage  done  by 
scald  while  in  cold  storage. 

The  length  of  time  the  apples  kept  on  the  tables  depended  upon  the 
character  of  the  flesh  of  the  apples  as  well  as  the  condition  of  the  fruit  at 
gathering  time.  It  is  not  so  much  the  keeping  qualities  of  the  apple  while 
in  cold  storage,  although  that  is  also  an  item  in  their  favor,  but  it  is  the 
consistency,  firmness,  character  of  the  flesh,  the  inherent  qualities  of  the 
apple  itself.  Apples  like  Ingram,  Clayton,  Lawver,  Willow  Twig,  Gano, 
Ben  Davis,  Jonathan,  Nickajack,  Early  Pennock,  Flora  Bell,  Maiden 
Blush  and  Lady  Sweet  will  hold  from  one  week  to  one  month  after  being 
put  upon  the  tables,  and  hold    in   good    condition,  no    matter  what  the 


12  American  Pomological  Society 

weather  may  be  ;  while  such  varieties  as  Wolf  River,  Smith's  Cider, 
Huntsman,  and  even  York,  Winesap  and  Black  Twig  will  not  hold  up  long 
in  good  color  and  condition  after  coming  out  of  cold  storage. 

The  best  plans  of  cold  storage  and  the  best  varieties  for  that  purpose 
have  not  as  yet,  by  any  means  been  thoroughly  established.  We  have 
still  many  things  to  learn  as  to  the  individuality  of  each  variety.  Other 
apples,  seemingly  just  as  good  in  flesh,  and  just  as  good  keepers  will  not  hold 
up  after  being  taken  from  cold  storage  anything  like  as  well,  and  in  fact  go 
to  pieces  in  a  few  days,  or  a  week  at  most,  or  at  least  deteriorate  so  badly 
in  appearance  that  they  are  not  fit  to  show  or  sell.  I  feel  sure  that  we  must 
look  to  the  keeping  qualities  of  our  apples  both  in  and  out  of  cold  storage 
in  all  our  future  plantings,  and  this  matter  can  be  settled  only  by  experi- 
ments in  testing  them. 

This  then  should  be  the  order  of  our  requirements  in  selecting 
our  apple  varieties  for  future  planting  :  Hardiness,  Productiveness,  Resis- 
tance to  Fungus  Diseases,  Cold  Storage  Adaptation,  Quality,  Size  and 
Color. 

The  apple  display  at  the  World's  Fair  was  a  great  lesson  to  every  one 
who  saw  it,  and  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  some  one  was  not  appointed  to 
make  a  record  of  the  apples  shown  by  every  State,  of  the  time  at  which 
they  were  put  on  the  tables,  the  keeping  qualities,  and  the  length  of 
time  they  kept  in  good  condition.  Such  a  record  of  every  day's  work 
from  the  opening  to  the  closing  of  the  Exposition,  and  from  every  State 
would  be  of  untold  value  to  all  our  fruit  growers.  As  it  now  is  I  have  tried 
to  keep  in  a  general  way  only,  a  list  of  the  best  and  the  poorest  keepers, 
after  being  in  cold  storage  and   my  conclusions   are  given  as  herein  stated. 

NOTES  ON    THE  KEEPING  OF   APPLES  IN  THE  ILLINOIS 
EXHIBIT 

J.   W.   Stanton 

On  account  of  the  almost  total  failure  of  the  apple  crop  in  Illinois  in 
1903  we  had  only  few  varieties  in  storage  for  the  exhibit,  among  them 
being  Ben  Davis,  Willow  Twig,  Grimes  Golden,  Jonathan,  Rome  Beauty, 
Wine  Sap,  Gano,  Winter  May,  (known  also  as  May  of  Myers  and  Ranish 
May)  Janet,  Kinnird's  Choice,  Mam.  Black  Twig,  Ark.  Black,  York  Imper- 
ial, Huntsman,  Salome,  Yellow  Belleflower,  Roman  Stem,  Lawver,  and 
Minkler.  These  were  allowed  to  mature  and  color  on  the  trees,  when  they 
were  carefully  picked  and  wrapped  with  two  coverings  of  paper,  tissue  next 
to  apple  and  parchment  on  outside.  They  were  sent  at  once  to  storage. 
In  placing  them  on  exhibit  I  took  out  the  early  maturing  sorts  first  :  Grimes 
and  Jonathan  and  York  Imperial,  on  May  ist,  1904.  Very  little  decay  or 
discoloration  was  noticed  at  this  time  but   two   months  later  York  and 


Special  Report 


13 


Grimes  began  to  show  "  scald,"  Wine  Sap  made  the  best  record  for  keep- 
ing and  was  in  perfect  condition  up  to  Nov.  ist.  It  was  followed  by  the 
Willow  Twig,  Ben  Davis  and  Gano.  York  and  Huntsman  are  poor  cold 
storage  apples  in  my  experience  at  four  expositions.  They  do  not  stand 
up  and  scald  before  the  early  winter  market  period.  x\bout  July  istthe 
Grimes  began  to  come  out  of  storage  showing  some  scald  which  increased 
up  to  about  Aug.  15th  when  the  supply  was  exhausted. 

I  exhibited  Jonathan  of  1903  and  1904  at  the  same  time  also  Ben  Davis, 
Willow  and  Winesap.  I  put  up  apples  for  the  exhibits  of  Illinois  at  Omaha, 
Buffalo,  Charleston  and  St.  Louis  and  have  had  charge  of  these  exhibits. 
From  my  observation  and  experience  I  am  of  the  opinion  that  the  keeping 
of  any  apple  depends  largely  on  the  proper  maturing  ;  the  handling  from  the 
tree  to  storage  ;  also  it  is  important  that  the  temperature  be  kept  uniform 
and  that  packages  be  not  moved  or  transferred  from  one  part  of  storage  to 
another  as  is  sometimes  done  by  storage  people.  Wrapping  with  paper  pre- 
vents scalding,  that  is  to  say  apples  not  wrapped  like  York  and  Huntsman 
will  show  scald  in  30  or  60  days  while  those  wrapped  will  come  out  in 
good  shape  much  later.       Red  varieties  such  as  Jonathan  last  much  longer. 


THE  CHERRY  IN  NORTH  AMERICA 

PREPARED  BY  THE  COMMITTEE  ON  CHERRIES  APPOINTED 
BY  THE  AMERICAN  POMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 

Committee — W.  T.  Macoun  (Chairman),  E.  E.  Little,   T.  A.    Farrand 

The  Cherry  is  the  most  neglected  of  all  the  important  fruits  which  suc- 
ceed in  the  United  States  and  Canada  ;  among  the  principal  causes  of  neg- 
lect are  the  tenderness  of  the  fruit  making  it  difficult  to  market  or  trans- 
port long  distances  ;  the  depredations  of  birds  which  devour  so  much 
of  the  fruit  that  there  is  little  left  for  marketing  unless  the  orchards  are 
large  ;  the  diseases  and  insect  pests  which  owing  to  the  fact  that  there 
are  comparatively  few  large  commercial  orchards,  have  not  received  the 
same  attention  as  those  affecting  other  fruits,  such  as  the  apple,  pear,  plum 
and  peach.  The  cherry  is  a  delicious  and  refreshing  fruit  and  should  be 
much  more  widely  planted  than  it  is  at  present.  It  is  always  in  demand  and 
the  market  is  rarely  glutted.  There  is  no  doubt  that  if  cherries  were  sold 
at  reasonable  prices  they  would  be  as  popular  to  eat  out  of  hand  as  they  are 
in  Europe,  where  the  people  use  them  very  freely  in  the  fresh  condition. 
Canned  and  preserved  cherries  in  most  towns  and  cities  are  considered  a 
great  treat  at  the  present  time,  owing  to  the  prohibitive  prices  which  have 
to  be  paid  for  the  fruit.  As  there  have  been  comparatively  few  new  varie- 
ties of  cherries  of  merit  originated  during  recent  years,  it  was  thought  best 
by  this  committee  to  devote  the  space  allotted  to  cherries  to  a  general  dis- 
cussion and  fairly  exhaustive  treatment  of  this  fruit,  so  that  when  there  is  a 
revival  of  interest  in  cherry  culture,  as  is  sure  to  take  place  at  no  distant 
date,  there  will  be  in  this  report  a  mass  of  useful  information  for  the  intend- 
ing planter. 

This  report  has  been  divided  into  three  parts,  each  of  which  has  been 
prepared  by  a  member  of  this  Committee. 

Part  I,  by  T.  A.  Farrand,  Director,  South  Haven  Fruit  Station, 
Michigan.  This  includes  recommendations  for  propagating  the  cherry  ;  for 
locating  and  planting  the  orchard  ;  for  pruning,  cultivation,  cover  crops, 
fertilizing  ;  for  the  prevention  and  destruction  of  injurious  insects  and 
diseases.  There  is  also  a  descriptive  list  of  the  most  popular  varieties  of 
Bigarreau  and  Duke  cherries,  and  of  a  few  new  varieties.  Harvesting, 
packing  and  marketing  the  fruit  are  also  dealt  with  in   Part  I. 

Part  II,  by  E.  E.  Little,  Assistant  in  Horticulture  at  the  Iowa  Experi- 
ment Station,  Ames,  la.  This  treats  of  the  introduction  and  development. 
of  the  sour  cherries  in  America,  especial  attention  being  drawn  to  the  Rus- 


Special  Report  15 

sian  varieties.  Notes  on  propagation  and  methods  of  planting  for  cold 
climates  are  here  given.  The  sour  cherries  are  divided  into  four  distinct 
groups,  each  of  which  is  described.  A  large  number  of  varieties  are  de- 
scribed, and  the  promising  ones  specially  noted. 

Part  III,  by  W,  T.  Macoun,  Horticulturist,  Central  Experimental  Farm 
Ottawa,  Canada.  This  is,  for  the  most  part,  historical  and  statistical.  A 
list  of  the  varieties  of  cherries  recommended  by  the  American  Pomological 
Society  for  the  various  fruit  districts  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  is 
given,  also  cherry  statistics  from  the  latest  Census  Reports  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  There  are  also  extracts  from  letters  of  prominent 
Horticulturists  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  in  answer  to  questions 
relating  to  cherry  culture  in  the  States  which  they  represent.  Information 
is  given  regarding  cherries  at  the  recent  Louisiana  Purchase  Exposition  at 
St.  Louis.     This  part  of  the  report  ends  with  a  bibliography  of  cherries. 

I  wish  to  take  this  opportunity  of  acknowledging  the  enthusiastic  co- 
operation and  aid  of  the  other  members  of  this  Committee. 

W.  T.  Macoun, 

Ottawa,  Canada. 
Chairman,  Committee  on  Cherry. 


Part  I 

BIGARREAU  AND  DUKE  VARIETIES  :    PRUNUS    AVIUM 

Culture,  Varieties  and  Marketing 

General    Notes 

The  Bigarreau  and  Duke  Cherries,  like  a  large  percentage  of  the 
choicest  in  quality  of  all  kinds  of  fruit,  lack  hardiness  and  are  usually  more 
subject  to  the  ravages  of  insects,  pests  and  disease,  but  it  is  chiefly  on 
account  of  lack  of  hardiness  that  the  sweet  cherry  is  not  planted  more 
commercially  than  it  is  at  present  in  Central  and  Eastern  United  States 
and  Canada  ;  California  and  the  Pacific  Coast  States  leading  in  the  produc- 
tion of  the  sweet  cherry.  The  very  strong  tendency  of  the  birds  to  appro- 
priate their  share  and,  "  sometimes  a  little  more,"  of  this  product,  is  also 
given  as  a  reason  for  not  planting  more  largely  for  home  use  as  well  as 
market. 

The  sour  cherry  is  considered  the  most  profitable  by  most  of  the  Mich- 
igan growers,  there  being  only  an  occasional  year,  when  the  sweet  proves 
an  exception  to  this  rule. 

Sixty-five  per  cent  of  all  the  Cherries  grown  in  Michigan  are  in  the 
counties  bordering  on  Lake  Michigan,  the  estimate  as  to  acreage  being  one 
of  sweet,  to  ten  of  sour. 

Prof.  E.  J.  Wickson,  Horticulturist,  Berkley,  Cal,  reports  that  the 
Duke  Cherries  are  practically  absent  from  California  fruit  growing,  that 
there  are  a  few  trees  scattered  here  and  there  but  are  of  no  commercial 
value,  and  are  never  seen  on  their  markets,  the  sweet  cherry  being  used 
exclusively  for  table  use,  as  well  as  cooking  purposes.  "  The  same  is  prac- 
tically true  of  Western  Oregon."  In  the  interior  east  of  the  Sierra  Ne- 
vada mountains,  the  Dukes  are  more  widely  planted  than  the  Bigarreau, 
because  they  are  more  hardy  and  less  injured  by  the  alternation  of  heat 
and  cold  during  the  winter  season. 

Prof.  H.  N.  Starnes,  Horticulturist  Experiment,  Georgia,  reports  the 
Bigarreau  and  the  Dukes  succeed  only  in  Northwest  Georgia,  and  in  the 
mountains  of  North  and  Northeast  Georgia,  and  that  the  plantings  are 
of  no  commercial  importance. 

Prof.  E.  E.  Little,  Ames,  Iowa,  states  that  the  growing  of  the  sweet 
cherry  in  Iowa  is  considered  of  little  value,  that  possibly  in  the  Southeast 
part  of  the  state  one  or  two  of  the  more  hardy  varieties  might  succeed. 

Prof.  A.  G.  GuUey,  Storrs,  Conn.  :  There  are  very  few  sweet  cherry 
trees  planted  here  now.  The  older  trees  scattered  around  do  well,  but 
young  trees  fail.     Out  of  a   dozen   varieties    planted   ten  years  ago,  one, 


Special  Report  17 

"  Windsor,"  has  matured  fruit  and  that  only  one   crop,  and   Mr.  Gulley 
states,  he  would  not  think  of  planting  them  for  profit. 

Prof.  John  Craig, Horticulturist,  Ithaca, New  York,  states  that  there  are 
very  few  orchards  in  the  state  of  purely  Mazzard  varieties,  but  that  trees  of 
this  kind  can  be  found  on  nearly  every  homestead  in  the  peach  growing  sec- 
tions of  the  state,  and  are  more  largely  planted  in  the  Hudson  River  regions 
and  along  the  Niagara  River.  The  comparatively  large  orchards  on  Long 
Island  have  fallen  by  the  way.  He  estimates  that  the  proportion  acreage 
for  State  as  ten  per  cent  sweet. 

Propagation 

The  Sweet  Cherry  is  propagated  almost  exclusively  by  budding  on  the 
yearling  stocks  of  its  hardy  ancestral  type,  the  "  Mazzard  stock,"  and  by 
budding  upon  the  Mahaleb  stock,  a  hardy  type,  of  the  sour  cherry  which  is 
used  exclusively  for  budding  the  sour  kinds.  The  Mazzard  stock  is  used 
to  propagate  the  sweet  cherry  almost  exclusively  in  the  Pacific  Coast 
region,  while  the  Mahaleb  stock  is  used  more  and  more  by  eastern  nursery- 
men. 

Under  date  of  Nov.  28th,  the  following  letter  was  received  from  Mr. 
H.  L.  Bird,  Sec.  West  Michigan  Nurseries,  Benton  Harbor,  Mich. 
"  Regarding  the  propagation  of  the  sweet  cherries,  we  would  say  that  we 
always  bud  both  our  sweet  and  sour  kinds  on  Mahaleb  stock.  Our  reason 
for  doing  this  is,  we  get  much  better  stands  on  Mahaleb  stock  than  we  do 
on  the  Mazzard  stock.  We  really  think  the  Mazzard  stock  is  better  for 
the  sweet  kinds,  on  this  kind  of  stock,  were  it  not  for  the  fact  that  it  is  sub- 
ject to  the  rust,  and  it  is  hard  to  get  our  buds  to  take  in  it  successfully.  It  is 
largely  for  the  reason  that  it  is  possible  to  get  so  much  better  stand  of  buds 
that  the  Mahaleb  stock  is  used.  We  nearly  always  get  a  better  stand  of 
sour  then  we  do  of  the  sweet  varieties." 

The  above  statements  clearly  define  the  reason  and  extent  to  which 
the  different  stocks  are  used  in  the  propagation  of  the  Cherry. 

Location  and  Soil 
Under  the  above  heading  my  observations  on  the  cherry  industry  in 
Michigan  would  bear  me  out  in  stating,  that  location  is  by  far  the  most 
important.  In  a  measure  we  can  make  the  soil,  but  location  we  cannot, 
and  it  is  best  to  first  look  to  location,  and  study  and  add  to  the  require- 
ments of  the  soil  afterwards.  There  is  no  other  kind  of  hardy  fruit  grown, 
that  is  so  sensitive  to  injury  by  frost  and  cold  rains,  while  in  bloom  as  is 
the  Cherry,  and  especially  the  sweet  kinds,  therefore  the  ideal  location 
would  be  a  high  elevation  rolling  enough  for  natural  drainage,  with  a  deep 
gravelly  sandy  loam  soil,  and  if  the  subsoil  be  clay  it  should  be  of  a  porous 
nature,  not  hard  and  solid. 


ly  American  Pomological  Society 

There  are,  however,  exceptions  to  most  all  rules,  and  instances  can  be 
pointed  out  where  the  sweet  cherry  has  been  known  to  do  better  upon  the 
heavier,  than  upon  the  lighter  soils.  The  variety,  Windsor,  does  especially 
well  upon  clay  soil,  but  as  to  elevation  there  is  no  second  choice,  if  you 
would  be  successful  with  the  sweet  cherry. 

Planting  the  Orchard 
Most  varieties  of  sweet  cherries  are  strong,  vigorous  growers,  and 
require  more  room  than  the  sour  kinds,  and  should  be  planted  at  least  30 
feet  apart  each  way.  The  ground  should  be  plowed  deep  and  should  be 
well  harrowed,  and  the  planting  be  done  as  soon  in  the  spring  as  this  can  be 
done.  All  bruised  portions  of  the  roots  should  be  cut  off  and  a  good  average 
depth  for  setting  the  tree  would  be  ten  to  twelve  inches,  "  good  judgment 
being  the  rule." 

Pruning 

One  of  the  most  important  points  in  starting  a  cherry  orchard  is  the 
low  heading  of  the  trees.  To  have  the  lower  branches  start  eighteen  to 
twenty-four  inches  from  the  ground,  is  none  too  low.  The  low  heading 
protects  the  trunk  of  the  tree  from  sun  scald,  and  the  cracking  of  the  bark, 
and  this  insures  a  longer  life  to  the  tree,  and  facilitates  all  of  the  work  in 
caring  for  the  tree,  and  picking  the  fruit.  With  the  modern  extension 
tools,  the  cultivation  can  be  given  under  the  lower  limbs  of  the  low  headed 
trees,  without  inconveniences  or  serious  injury  to  the  tree. 

The  low  heading  of  the  trees,  however,  cannot  always  be  regulated, 
as  many  times,  the  trees  are  high  headed  beyond  repair,  when  they  come 
from  the  nursery,  but  when  it  is  possible  head  them  down,  and  force  the 
growth  out  below.  The  pruning  should  always  be  done  in  the  spring,  just 
before,  or  about  the  time  the  sap  begins  to  flow. 

With  the  strong  vigorous  growth  of  the  sweet  cherry,  the  pruning 
should  be  rather  severe  the  first  four  or  five  years,  starting  the  tree  with 
from  four  to  five  main  branches,  and  heading  in,  at  least  one  half  or  two- 
thirds  of  the  new  growth  each  year,  making  the  foundation  of  the  main 
branches  strong  and  stocky,  forming  a  round  headed  tree,  with  plenty  of 
lateral  branches,  rather  than  allow  the  tree  to  grow  long  with  no  lateral 
branches,  as  is  characteristic  of  this  type. 

After  the  trees  get  well  into  bearing  the  growth  will  be  much  lighter 
and  lirtle  pruning  will  be  necessary,  except  to  keep  dead  or  broken  branches 
cut  out,  and  thinning  out  to  give  sufficient  light  and  air  to  the  lower  limbs. 
When  it  is  necessary  to  cut  off  a  large  limb,  the  wound  should  be  covered 
with  grafting  wax,  or  paint  to  keep  the  wood  from  drying  out,  while  nature 
is  healing  it  over,  otherwise  the  wood  would  decay  to  the  heart,  would  never 
heal  over,  and  the  tree  would  break  down  years  before  it  otherwise  would 
have  done. 


Special  Report  19 

Cultivation 

A  cultivated  crop,  such  as  corn,  potatoes  or  beans  can  do  no  harm 
between  the  trees  during  the  first  three  or  four  years,  or  until  the  trees 
come  into  bearing,  providing  the  fertility  of  the  soil  is  kept  up,  sowing  a 
cover  crop  with  the  last  cultivation,  using  oats,  barley,  clover,  or  what- 
ever in  the  judgment  of  the  grower  would  seem  advisable.  Cultivation  is 
considered  superior  to  any  form  of  mulching,  except  dust  mulch,  especially 
in  a  dry  season.  Shallow  plowing  in  May  and  thorough  harrowing  every 
week  or  ten  days,  until  middle  of  July  or  August  ist  is  considered  good 
cultivation  by  our  growers  ;  using  Acme,  springtooth,  or  spike  tooth  har- 
rows, or  cutaway  disc  harrow.  Care  should  be  taken  to  stop  cultivation 
soon  enough  to  give  the  wood  ample  time  to  ripen  up  for  winter,  the  condi- 
tions of  the  weather  regulating  the  time  of  stopping  the  cultivation  to  some 
extent. 

Cover  Crops 

The  sowing  of  a  cover  crop  for  winter  has  become  a  universal  practice 
by  the  best  fruit  growers.  Crimson  Clover  is  probably  more  largely  used 
than  any  other  kind  of  plant.  Oats  and  barley  are  used  in  connection  with 
the  clovers  or  alone.  Mammoth  clover  has  proved  even  superior  to  Crim- 
son, in  some  tests  carried  on  at  the  South  Haven  Experiment  Station,  Michi- 
gan. Oats  or  barley  are  preferred,  used  with  the  clovers  rather  than  either 
one  alone.  The  oats  and  barley  grow  much  taller  in  the  fall  and  form  a 
protection  to  the  clover,  catch  and  hold  the  snow  and  thus  serve  to  better 
advantage  ;  these  die  down  during  the  winter,  but  the  clover  is  there  in  the 
spring,  and  by  the  middle  of  May,  has  made  a  good  growth  and  by  plowing 
it  under  we  add  a  large  amount  of  plant  food,  and  vegetable  matter  to  the 
soil. 

Other  leguminous  plants  are  used,  such  as  cow-pea,  soy  bean,  hairy 
vetch,  or  winter  vetch  and  field  peas.  Experiments  have  proved  the  cow- 
pea  to  be  practically  worthless  for  cover  crop  purposes  in  Michigan,  the 
time  being  too  short  for  satisfactory  growth  from  Aug.  ist  to  the  last  of  Sep- 
tember, when  the  frosts  come  and  after  the  first  frost,  there  is  nothing  left 
but  the  stems.  The  hairy  vetch  has  given  excellent  results,  but  for 
cover  crop  purposes,  the  seed  comes  so  high  as  to  make  the  use  of  it 
prohibitive. 

If  the  clovers  are  sown  alone,  eight  quarts  per  acre  is  used,  and  if  sow- 
ing the  oats  or  barley  separately,  two  bushels  are  usually  used  per  acre,  but 
if  the  oats  or  barley  are  used  with  the  clover,  one  bushel  of  oats  or  barley  to 
six  quarts  of  clover  makes  an  excellent  combination. 

If  vetch  is  used,  one  bushel  to  the  acre  is  none  too  heavy  a  seeding) 
as  the  seed  is  quite  large. 


20  American  Pomological  Society 

Fertilizing  the  Orchard 

While  nearly  all  agree  as  to  the  texture  of  the  soil  best  suited  to  the 
cherry,  the  mineral  and  available  elements  vary  so  greatly  in  different  sec- 
tions, that  the  following  statements  are  confined  to  observations  and  exist- 
ing conditions  in  Michigan.  Stable  manure  is  a  commodity  hard  to  get  in 
many  sections  where  a  large  percentage  of  the  land  is  planted  to  orchards, 
for  this  reason  many  growers  resort  to  green  manuring  to  furnish  the  nec- 
essary amount  of  nitrogen,  and  buy  commercial  fertilizers  to  supply  the 
potash  and  phosphoric  acid.  For  the  potash  a  few  buy  hard  wood  ashes 
and  use  them  at  the  rate  of  from  50  to  100  bushels  per  acre,  but  the  ashes 
are  not  always  available  and  then  muriate  of  potash  is  used  at  the  rate  of 
from  three  to  five  hundred  pounds  per  acre,  with  from  two  to  four  hundred 
pounds  of  ground  bone  per  acre.  When  it  is  advisable  to  use  a  complete 
fertilizer  it  is  used  at  the  rate  of  2-8-10.  However,  in  the  use  of  fertili- 
zers a  study  of  the  soil  with  close  observation  on  the  growth  and  behavior 
of  the  trees  is  essential  to  wisely  apply  that  which  is  most  needed. 

Insects  and  Diseases 

The  injurious  insects  and  fungus  diseases  that  attack  the  cherry 
are  important  factors  to  be  met  and  dealt  with  ;  only  the  more  important  are 
mentioned  with  remedies  for  the  same.  Where  it  is  possible  the  insecti- 
cide and  fungicide  are  combined  thus  making  one  spraying  answer  both 
purposes.  The  more  important  insects  are  Curculio,  Black  Aphis,  and  a 
number  of  the  scale  insects  :  San  Jose,  Aspidiotos  perniciosus,  and 
European  fruit  scale,  Aspidiotus  ostreaformis,  being  the  more  important 
of  the  latter.  The  Curculio  is  the  Plum  curculio,  which  attacks,  stings, 
and  causes  the  grub  in  nearly  all  of  the  stone  fruits,  and  attacks  the  sweet 
cherry  in  preference  to  the  sour.  This  insect  may  be  checked  by  use  of  paris 
green  or  any  of  the  arsenites  combined  with  bordeaux  mixture,  when  spray- 
ing for  fungi.  The  sweet  cherry  ripens  so  soon  after  blossoming  that  the 
applications  should  follow  very  closely.  Arsenite  of  lime  is  used  with 
bordeaux  mixture,  giving  one  application  just  before  blossoms  open,  one 
just  as  soon  as  blossoms  have  fallen  and  the  third  a  week  later.  Usually  this 
is  all  that  is  safe  to  use  on  account  of  the  ripening  of  the  fruit  and  all  that 
is  necessary  to  control  this  insect. 

The  cherry  tree  plant  louse,  Myzus  cerasi,  is  a  black  shiny  louse  that 
is  much  more  troublesome  some  years  than  others,  and  works  on  the 
new  growth  and  tender  foliage,  making  its  appearance  about  the  time  the 
fruit  is  about  half  grown,  or  beginning  to  ripen.  It  secretes  a  sticky  sub- 
tance  upon  the  foliage  twigs  and  fruits,  which  destroys  the  sale  of  the  fruit, 
and  is  one  of  the  hardest  insects  to  control. 

It  is  a  sucking  insect  and  must  be  killed  by  contact  insecticides.  The 
remedies  recommended  are  kerosene  emulsion  with  whale  oil  soap  or  tobac- 


Special  Report  21 

CO  water,  as  strong  as  can  be  applied  without  injury  to  the  foHage.  With 
kerosene  emulsion  one  of  oil,  to  nine  of  water,  is  about  as  strong  as  can  be 
used.  The  best  success  has  been  obtained  with  strong  tobacco  water,  using 
two  bushels  of  refuse  stems  from  factory,  soaking  them  24  hours  in  from 
fifty  to  sixty  gallons  of  water  and  applying  it  soon  after  the  first  appearance 
of  the  lice,  and  before  they  have  time  to  curl  up  the  leaves,  and  form  a 
protection  for  themselves. 

In  controlling  the  scale  insects,  lime  sulphur  and  salt,  or  Califor- 
nia wash  as  it  is  called  is  used,  which  must  be  applied  while  the  trees  are 
dormant,  or  before  the  foliage  comes,  seeing  that  every  portion  of  the  bark 
is  covered,  as  the  lice  are  under  the  scale,  and  have  to  be  killed  by  contact. 
While  scale  insects  have  not  proved  as  destructive  upon  the  sweet  cherry  as 
upon  other  kinds  of  fruit  trees  in  Michigan,  too  much  care  cannot  be  taken 
in  destroying  them. 

Diseases 

The  more  important  diseases  are  Black  Knot,  Plowrightia  morbosa. 
Brown  Rot,  formerly  known  as  Monilia,  later  scientifically,  Sclerotina 
fructigena  and  the  shot  hole  fungus,   Cylindrosporium. 

Black  Knot  is  a  parasitic  fungus  and  causes  black  irregular  knotty 
growths  on  the  branches  and  the  only  satisfactory  remedy  for  this  is  cut- 
ting out  and  burning. 

Brown  Rot  is  the  most  serious  disease  to  contend  with  in  the  growing 
of  sweet  cherries.  It  can  be  controlled  to  a  large  extent  with  three  appli- 
cations of  Bordeaux  mixture,  if  the  weather  conditions  are  such  that  the 
cherries  do  not  crack  open  at  the  time  of  ripening.  Hot,  moist  atmos- 
pheric conditions  two  or  three  days  before  picking  time  will  start  them  crack- 
ing, and  a  large  percentage  of  the  crop  is  likely  to  be  destroyed  by  the  rot. 

The  4-5-50  formula,  Bordeaux  mixture,  has  been  found  the  most 
satisfactory,  as  the  foliage  of  the  sweet  cherry  is  more  tender  than  the 
sour. 

For  shot  hole  fungus,  the  necessary  sprayings  for  Brown  Rot,  with 
one  application  after  fruit  is  harvested,  will  quite  effectively  control  this 
disease. 

Most  Popular  Market  Varieties 
This  topic  will  always  remain  one  of  the  most  interesting  in  the  culture 
of  all  kinds  of  fruit.  There  is  an  ever  increasing  tendency  to  improve,  to 
hope  against  hope,  that  now  we  have  the  variety  that  has  all  of  the  good 
characteristics  with  the  undesirable  ones  eliminated.  Hundreds  of  varieties 
come  up,  are  weighed  in  the  balance,  are  found  wanting  and  go  down  to 
oblivion,  many  of  which  would  prove  valuable  if  we  knew  their  adaptabil- 
ity to  regions,  soils,  etc.  There  is  an  occasional  variety,  however,  that 
stands  out  and  gains  a  popular  national  reputation. 


2  2  American  Pomological  Society 

Varieties  that  do  well  in  our  locality,  may  not  do  so  well  in  another 
section.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  from  a  large  source  of  information 
east  of  the  Mississippi  River,  the  variety  Windsor,  stands  out  as  the  most 
popular  all  around  sweet  cherry,  with  Napoleon,  Black  Tartarian,  Yellow 
Spanish,  Rockport,   and  Gov.  Wood  following   in  the  order  named. 

With  this  in  view,  it  may  be  said  that  in  the  above  named  varieties  the 
eastern  growers  have  a  safe  basis  for  commercial  planting.  For  the 
Pacific  coast  region  Napoleon,  and  Black  Tartarian  are  always  mentioned, 
but  with  a  larger  list  of  newer  varieties,  that  are  not  much  planted  in  the 
east.  With  such  information  as  it  has  been  possible  to  obtain,  the  follow- 
ing varieties  may  be  named  for  the  region  :  Black  Tartarian,  Napoleon, 
Windsor,  Yellow  Spanish,  Rockport,  Early  Purple,  Elton,  Bing,  Lambert, 
Centennial,  and  Republican.  It  has  not  been  possible  to  get  a  description 
of  a  number  of  these  varieties. 

At  the  South  Haven  Experiment  Station,  Michigan,  there  are  sixty 
varieties  of  Bigarreaux  and  Dukes,  that  have  been  well  treated  for  a  num- 
ber of  years  and  out  of  this  number,  the  following  have  given  by  far  the 
best  satisfaction,  Bigarreaux  :  Windsor,  Napoleon,  Yellow  Spanish  ;  Dukes  : 
Carnation,  Magnifique,  and  Montreuil.  Many  other  varieties  have  done 
fairly  well,  and  are  worthy  of  recommendation  based  on  reports  from  other 
sections,  and  their  names  will  appear  in  the  descriptive  lists. 

Description  of  Varieties 

Bing:  Originated  in  Oregon  and  introduced  by  Seth  Lewelling  of 
Milwaukee,  Oregon.  Very  large  ;  roundish  heart  shaped  ;  almost  black  ; 
flesh  firm,  meaty;  flavor  vinous,  sweet;  high  quality;  season  medium. 
A  most  promising  variety.      (Description  made  by  Van  Deman.) 

Centefmial :  Said  to  be  a  seedling  of  Napoleon.  Yellow  Spanish 
type  of  flesh.      Promising. 

Cleveland :  Tree  a  very  strong,  vigorous,  spreading  grower,  and  pro- 
ductive. Fruit,  medium  to  large,  form  compressed  slightly  heart  shaped  ; 
color,  light  yellow  shaded,  with  red  on  one  side  ;  flesh  light,  quite  firm, 
juicy,  quality  fair,  mid-season. 

Elton :  Tree  a  good  grower,  but  lacks  productiveness  here.  Fruit 
very  large,  compressed  elongated,  heart  shaped.  Skin  pale  yellow,  blushed 
with  red,  flesh  light  medium,  firm  juicy,  with  a  sweet,  rich  vinous  flavor, 
quality  best,  mid-season. 

Kirtland,  {Mary):  Quite  an  old  variety,  which  seems  to  be  but 
little  planted.  Tree  only  moderately  vigorous,  but  very  productive.  Fruit 
large,  roundish,  heart  shaped.  Skin,  handsomely  mottled,  light  and  dark 
red,  on  yellow  ground,  light  fleshed,  very  firm,  juicy,  early  to  mid-season, 
fine  quality,  weak  point ;  lack  of  vigor. 

Lambert:  Originated  with  J.  H.  Lambert  of  Portland, Oregon,  on  his 
fruit  farm  at  Milwaukee,  Oregon.  Fruit  large  to  very  large,  obtusely  heart 
shaped,  sutured  side  compressed,  suture  a  mere  line  ;  ground  color  dark 
amber  Ijecoming  covered  at  maturity  with  a  beautiful  dark,  rich  magenta. 


Special  Report  23 

the  ground  color  showing  mottled  ;  flesh  dark,  rich,  firm  and  juicy  with  a 
sprightly  flavor.  Stem  i}i  inches,  stout  and  attached  in  a  shallow  narrow 
cavity.  Pit  small  for  so  large  a  fruit.  (Description  made  by  Prof.  E.  W. 
Lake.) 

Napoleo7t :  One  of  the  most  popular  varieties  for  all  sections.  The 
trees  are  strong  vigorous  growers,  and  very  productive.  Fruit  is  of  large 
size,  handsomely  mottled,  light  and  dark,  with  very  firm  light  colored  flesh, 
and  good  quality  ;  mid-season. 

Rockpo7't :  Highly  recommended  from  many  sections,  both  east  and 
west.  Tree  moderately  vigorous,  but  productive.  Fruit  of  large  size,  good 
quality  and  appearance  ;  form,  roundish,  compressed,  heart  shaped  ;  skin, 
yellow  with  dark  red  blush  ;  flesh,  light,  tender  and  juicy.  Quality  very 
good,  early  to  mid-season. 

Tartariati,  Black  :  One  of  the  oldest,  and  is  at  present  one  of  the 
most  popular  market  varieties  in  the  more  favorable  localities.  Lacks  the 
vigor  and  hardiness  of  the  Napoleon  and  Windsor  as  grown  here.  Fruit 
very  large,  dark  red  skin,  and  flesh  with  fine  quality  ;  and  brings  the  high- 
est market  price. 

Windsor :  Origin,  Windsor,  Ont.  Canada.  This  is  one  of  the  newer 
varieties  that  has  gained  a  National  reputation,  and  it  is  safe  to  say,  should 
be  included  in  every  sweet  cherry  list.  The  trees  are  hardy,  vigorous,  and 
very  productive.  Fruit,  large  roundish,  heart  shaped;  skin,  dark  liver 
colored  ;  flesh,  dark  red  very  firm,  juicy,  fine  quality,  medium  late. 

Wood :  Recommended  from  nearly  all  sections  for  near-by  markets 
and  home  use.  Tree,  strong,  vigorous  grower,  very  productive.  Fruit, 
medium  to  large,  heart  shaped  ;  skin,  pale  yellow,  with  pale  red  blush  ; 
flesh,  white,  very  tender,  juicy,  with  sweet,  mild  pleasant  flavor;  good  qual- 
ity ;  season  early.     Inclined  to  rot  badly. 

Spanis/i,  Yellow :  This  old  well  known  variety  does  well  under  varied 
conditions,  and  for  this  reason  it  still  holds  a  popular  place  on  the  lists. 
The  trees  are  strong  growers  and  very  productive.  Fruit,  large  size  and 
good  quality  ;  medium  late. 

Dukes 

One  of  the  chief  characteristics  of  this  type  of  cherry  is  that  it  ripens 
its  fruit  over  a  long  season,  there  being  but  few  exceptions  to  this  rule, 
and  it  is  an  undesirable  point  commercially. 

In  growth  of  tree,  they  vary  from  decidedly  upright,  to  a  round,  spread- 
ing head.  Botanically,  this  type  is  classed  with  the  sweet  cherries,  but  in 
flavor  the  fruit  is  neither  sweet  nor  sour,  rather  half-way  between.  Usually, 
tender,  juicy,  with  a  rich  sub-acid  flavor,  excellent,  both  as  a  fresh  fruit 
and  for  making  a  very  choice  preserve. 

In  point  of  acreage,  reports  would  indicate,  that  the  Dukes  are  far  less 
planted  than  either  Bigarreaux  or  Morellos.  Cherries  of  this  type  are 
inclined  to  rot  and  do  not  bear  shipping  well. 

The  more  popular  market  varieties  for  all  sections  are  May  Duke, 
Eugenie,  Olivet,  Louis  Phillipi,  and  Magnifique.    The  varieties,  Hortense, 


2  4  American  Pomological  Society 

Choicy,  Late  Duke,  and  Royal  Duke  are  reported  as  shy  bearers  from  most 
sections.  All,  or  nearly  all  of  the  above  varieties  are  at  the  South  Haven 
station,  and  a  number  of  others,  among  which  is  variety,  Montrueil,  which 
has  given  the  best  satisfaction  of  any  Duke  on  trial. 

Description  of  Varieties 

Carnation:  "As  named."  Origin,  unknown.  Tree  vigorous,  up- 
right, spreading  grower,  forming  rather  roundish  head.  Fruit,  large  round- 
ish slightly  heart  shaped;  stems,  variable,  mostly  long  slender  ;  color,  very 
dark  red  ;  flesh  and  juice,  dark  red  ;  medium  firm,  juicy,  with  a  rich  sub- 
acid flavor,  quality  best ;  quite  productive,  mid-season  ;  ripens  over  a  long 
period.     (This  has  well  marked  characteristics  of  the  Morello.     Secy.) 

Eugenie:  Tree  upright,  but  lacks  vigor,  quite  productive.  Fruit  of 
large  size,  oblate,  compressed,  inclining  to  heart  shape  ;  stem,  medium, 
length  stout  ;  flesh  and  juice  dark  red,  texture  very  tender  and  juicy,  sub- 
acid fine.     One  of  the  earliest  to  ripen,  lasts  over  a  long  season. 

Fhillippe,  Louis  :  From  Downing.  "  Tree  upright,  spreading.  Fruit, 
large  roundish,  regular  stem,  rather  short,  stout.  Skin,  rich  dark,  dark 
red  flesh,  red  tender  juicy  sub-acid  ;  quality  very  good  ;  season,  medium 
to  late  ;  said  to  be  productive." 

Magnifique :  One  of  the  latest  of  any  kind  of  cherry  to  ripen  and 
valued  particularly  for  this  feature.  Tree  an  upright  spreading  grower, 
forming  a  U  shaped  top.  Very  productive  of  fruit  of  large  size,  and  good 
quality,  but  rather  too  light  a  shade  of  red  to  take  well  on  the  market ;  form, 
roundish,  inclining  to  heart  shape  ;  flesh,  pale  yellow,  firm,  juicy,  with 
sprightly  sub-acid  flavor. 

May  Duke :  This  is  one  of  the  most  popular  of  all  the  Dukes  in  all 
sections.  The  trees  are  decidedly  upright,  close  vigorous  growers,  and 
very  productive.  It  is  one  of  the  earliest  to  ripen,  and  as  is  the  case  with 
Eugenie,  the  leaves  are  large,  long,  and  sometimes  wholly  hide  the  fruit, 
which  is  large,  roundish,  oblate,  dark  red  ;  flesh  and  juice,  red,  tender, 
juicy,  rich  sub-acid  ;  quality  best ;  ripens  over  a  long  season. 

Montreuil,  Belle  de :  Trees  were  received  from  Stark  Bros,  in 
1 89 1.  The  variety  seems  to  be  but  little  known,  and  is  worthy  of 
a  wide  dissemination.  It  has  proved  to  be  the  most  productive  and  profit- 
able variety  of  this  type,  on  trial  at  the  South  Haven  Station.  The  trees 
are  healthy,  vigorous,  upright,  spreading  growers.  Fruit,  large  heart 
shaped;  stems,  long,  slender;  skin,  dark  glossy  red,  almost  black;  flesh 
and  juice,  dark  red,  medium  firm  juice,  with  a  rather  strong  sub-acid  cherry 
flavor  ;  quality,  very  good  ;  medium  late,  and  ripens  its  fruit  evenly  for  a 
Duke.    Origin  France. 

Olivet:  Tree  a  very  strong,  rather  spreading  grower,  from  most 
reports  unproductive.  Fruit,  large,  roundish  oblate  ;  stem,  variable,  mostly 
short,  stout,  color  dark  red  ;  flesh,  tender,  juicy,  with  sprightly  sub-acid 
flavor.     Season  medium  late. 

Two  Promising  New  Cherries 
Dikeman    (Bigarreau)  :      Size    medium,    on  young  trees    about   the 
size  of    a  Gov.    Wood  ;    on  old    trees,    larger.      Shape  truncated  heart, 
flattened.     Color,  very  dark  liver,  nearly  black.      Flesh  very  firm  ;  juice 

D.  H-  HfLL  LfRRARV 


Special  Report  25 

purple.  Skin  rather  tough,  rarely  cracks  or  rots.  Flavor  sprightly,  sweet. 
Ripens  after  English  Morello.  Its  season  here  in  Oceana  county,  Mich.,  is 
from  August  ist  to  September  ist.  Tree  very  thrifty,  upright  grower; 
begins  fruiting  young,  but  requires  age  to  lay  on  profitable  crops.  Descrip- 
tion furnished  by  Mr.  Geo.  A.  Hawley,  Hart,  Mich. 

Cook's  Imperial:  "This  cherry  was  originated  by  Mr.  Steven 
Cook,  of  Benton  Harbor,  it  being  a  seedling  of  the  Napoleon  Bigar- 
reau  from  one  of  the  500  pits  of  this  variety  of  cherry  that  he  planted 
in  an  experimental  way.  It  resembles  the  Black  Tartarian  in  shape,  flavor, 
length  of  stem,  and  color,  but  is  about  ten  days  earlier  in  ripening,  and 
larger."     (West  Michigan  Nurseries,  Benton  Harbor,  Mich.) 

Harvesting,   Packing  and  Marketing  the  Fruit 

With  the  majority  of  growers,  the  methods  of  harvesting  and  packing 
the  fruit  have  changed  but  little  in  the  past  few  years  ;  the  principal  points  of 
importance  are,  care  in  picking  the  fruits  with  the  stems  on, and  in  not  pul- 
ling the  spur  off  to  which  the  stem  is  attached.  Throw  all  inferior,  bruised 
or  decayed  fruits  on  the  ground  rather  than  in  the  basket,  and  thus  avoid  a 
mussy  lot  of  fruit  for  the  packers  to  cull  over.  Have  good  ladders  and 
pick  all  the  fruit  you  can  from  thence,  rather  than  climb  around  in  the  tree 
and  break  the  limbs  and  fruit  spurs.  The  fruit  should  be  set  in  the  shade 
or  taken  to  the  packing  house  as  soon  as  picked.  Baskets  not  larger  than 
eight  or  ten  pounds  should  be  used  in  picking.  The  packing  house  should 
have  tables  or  frames  with  canvas  bottoms  on  which  to  carefully  lay  the 
cherries  for  sorting  into  packages.  The  fruit  in  package  should  be  uni- 
form throughout  and  tastefully  faced  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  fastidi- 
ous, who  will  pay  the  highest  market  price.  Two  pickings  are  usually  all 
that  are  necessary  to  clean  up  the  trees. 

One  of  the  most  successful  Michigan  growers,  Mr.  Benton  Gebhart, 
Hart,  Oceana  Co.,  Mich.,  harvests  all  of  his  cherries,  both  sweet  and  sour, 
by  spreading  sheets  under  the  trees  ;  the  pickers  then  clip  the  fruit  off  with 
scissors,  leaving  about  a  half  inch  stem  with  the  fruit  allowing  it  to  drop 
on  the  sheets.  Mr.  Gebhart  is  far  better  satisfied  with  this  method,  than 
with  the  usual  way,  as  there  are  no  fruit  spurs  pulled  off  as  in  picking.  The 
pickers  are  well  satisfied  to  do  the  work  in  this  way.  The  fruit  is  sorted 
from  the  sheets  into  the  market  packages,  and  Mr.  Gebhart,  claims  he  gets 
on  an  average  75  cents  more  on  a  16  quart  crate  of  cherries  with  clipped 
stems  than  for  undipped.  This  leaves  a  clear  profit  of  40  cents  per  crate 
over  the  old  way  in  harvesting  the  crop.  It  takes  from  two,  to  two  and  a 
half  quarts  more  of  clipped  stem  fruit  to  fill  a  16  quart  crate,  than  where 
the  whole  stem  is  left  on. 

To  what  extent  the  clipping  of  the  stems  is  practical  the  writer  does 
not  know,  but  it  is  a  practice  that  is  worthy  of  trial  in  all  sections. 


2  6  American  Pomological  Society 

The  problem  of  marketing  the  fruit  is  a  varied  one,  as  transportation, 
demands  of  the  market  for  different  kinds  of  packages,  near  by  or  far  away 
markets,  with  many  other  conditions,  must  ever  be  considered,  and  in  a 
measure  must  be  worked  out  individually.  Where  there  is  a  large  num- 
ber of  growers  by  combining  forces  they  may  secure  shipping  privileges  that 
an  individual  could  never  get.  The  California  Sweet  Cherry  is  always 
seen  in  the  Eastern  Markets  in  the  eight  and  ten  pound  boxes,  and  this 
package  may  well  be  called  an  ideal  fancy  package.  The  Eastern  Growers 
use  largely  the  sixteen  quart  berry  crate  and,  in  a  small  way  small  six  to 
eight  pound  baskets,  for  local  markets.  The  writer  has  used  the  eight 
pound  box  such  as  comes  from  the  west,  but  eastern  grown  cherries  in  the 
same  box  will  not  bring  as  high  a  price  as  western  grown.  The  chief  com- 
plaint comes  from  the  fruit  stands,  and  is  to  the  effect  that  eastern  grown 
cherries  will  not  hold  up  as  those  from  California,  for  this  reason,  there  is 
much  greater  risk  from  loss  by  rotting.  However,  this  need  not  discourage 
the  Eastern  grower,  as  there  is  always  a  good  demand  for  home  grown  sweet 
cherries  ;  the  dark  fleshed  varieties  selling  much  better  than  the  light  fleshed. 
In  conclusion  it  may  be  said  that  we  all  know  that  the  first  class  article 
tastefully  put  up  is  always  in  demand,  so  let  us  grow  more  first  class  fruit. 


Part  II 
SOUR    CHERRIES 

The  cherry  was  introduced  into  this  country  by  the  early  settlers  who 
brought  it  from  Europe. 

It  probably  came  from  the  two  species  of  Europe,  Prunus  Avium 
(Sweet  cherry)  and  Prunus  Cerasus  (the  Sour  cherry).  This  part  of  the 
paper  will  be  devoted  to  the  latter  species,  or  sour  cherry. 

There  are  a  great  many  varieties  of  the  Prunus  Cerasus  or  Sour  cherry 
now  grown  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Many  of  the  newer  varieties 
were  produced  by  the  planting  of  seed  in  the  east  and  central  states. 
Within  recent  years,  a  large  number  have  been  imported  from  Russia,  and 
some  of  the  older  varieties  came  from  Western  Europe. 

In  all  branches  of  pomology  there  have  been  enthusiasts  who  have 
been  determined  to  develop  varieties  of  fruit  of  one  class  that  would  be 
more  adapted  to  the  varying  conditions  of  their  section.  In  the  develop- 
ment of  the  cherry,  one  of  the  foremost  workers  was  the  late  D.  B.  Wier, 
of  Lacon,  111.  He  early  recognized  the  fact  that  the  need  of  the  North- 
west was  new  varieties,  and  so  planned  to  improve  the  already  known 
sorts  of  the  time  by  growing  seedlings.  In  Mr.  Wier's  catalog  dated  1897, 
he  says, 

"  Twenty  years  ago  I  became  greatly  interested  in  cherries,  and  on 
reading  the  subject  up,  I  found  that  there  were  but  two  or  three  varieties 
that  could  be  depended  upon  to  stand  our  winters  here  in  the  Northwestern 
States  and  give  regular  crops  and  these  had  fruit  very  poor  in  quality.  So 
I  determined  to  see  if  I  could  obtain  new  varieties  from  the  seeds  of  our 
hardiest  sorts,  that  would  prove  superior  to  old  varieties.  I  selected  the 
seed  and  grew  thousands  of  seedlings."  Of  these  numerous  seedlings 
produced  but  few  are  left  to  tell  of  the  zealous  work. 

Among  a  large  number  that  have  been  discovered  the  best  sorts  now 
in  the  trade  are,  the  Northwest,  or  Wier's  No.  29,  Dan  Wier,  or  No.  11, 
Wier  Nos.  2  (Starr),  44  (Periam).  The  most  promising  are  the  first  two 
mentioned  sorts  which  deserve  recognition,  (see  description  page  34).  The 
others  in  some  localities  may  be  superior  to  the  standard  sorts,  such  as 
Early  Richmond,  Montmorency  Ord.,  but  in  other  sections  maybe  less 
valuable. 

Russian  varieties  were  brought  from  Europe  under  the  idea  that  a 
quality  of  hardiness  would  be  introduced  which  was  very  much  needed  in 
the  cold  Northwest.  After  a  thorough  test  of  the  varieties  imported,  lead- 
ing growers  in  the  Northwest  made  the  following  report  and  it  coincides 
with  results  at  the  Iowa  Experiment  Station. 


28  American  Pomological  Society 

Early  Morello,  Orel  No.  23,  Sklanka,  King's  Amarelle,  Duchess 
d'  Anjouleme,  Cerise  de  Ostheim,  and  Terry,  (see  descriptions)  are  the 
hardiest  and  most  productive.  To  say  they  are  more  hardy  in  both  tree 
and  fruit  buds  than  the  already  known  sorts  which  are  called  ' '  Standard 
varieties  "  would  not  be  correct ;  but  to  say  they  are  as  hardy  in  tree,  and, 
under  some  conditions,  more  so,  would  be  making  a  correct  statement  based 
upon  the  experience  of  many  growers. 

Of  the  newer  varieties  that  have  appeared  in  the  past  five  or  ten  years, 
it  is  questionable  as  to  their  value,  but  some  of  them  show  promise,  and  it 
is  quite  probable  they  will  find  a  place  among  the   already  known  varieties. 

The  varieties  that  are  more  widely  grown  than  any  others  are  the 
Dyehouse,  Early  Richmond,  Montmorency,  English  Morello,  and  Wragg. 
The  three  former  belong  to  the  Montmorency  group  (See  classification) 
being  light  red  in  color  with  colorless  juice  and  flesh.  Many  growers 
regard  them  as  the  most  profitable  sorts  to  grow.  One  advantage  they  have 
over  the  two  last  varieties  is  the  freedom  from  leaf-spot  (Cylindrosporium 
padi)  which  is  often  times  very  serious,  especially  where  the  trees  are  on  low 
ground  and  if  the  weather  is  damp  and  wet.  They  ripen  earlier,  and  for 
this  reason  may  be  more  profitable. 

The  English  Morello  has  been  found  to  be  susceptible  to  the  leaf-spot 
fungus,  as  is  also  the  Wragg,  and  the  other  dark  juiced  sorts.  During 
the  past  seasons  this  disease  has  injured  and  damaged  large  plantings  of 
dark  juiced  varieties.  It  is  said  that  these  late  ripening  sorts  are  more 
firm  and  stand  shipping  very  well. 

The  growing  of  sour  cherries  throughout  many  parts  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  is  increasing  each  year.  Especially  in  the  Central  west, 
the  rapid  enlargement  of  plantings  of  the  good  sorts  is  remarkable.  In  the 
State  of  Iowa  alone  it  is  very  marked.  The  increase  in  the  number  of 
trees  in  the  past  decade  is  something  marvellous,  although  at  present  in 
most  localities  there  are  not  enough  cherries  grown  to  supply  the  home 
demand. 

From  the  statistics  of  1890,  we  find  in  Iowa  only  199,000  trees,  while 
in  1900  the  number  had  increased  to  nearly  800,000.  This  shows  an 
increase  of  nearly  one  hundred  per  cent,  and  it  was  quite  generally  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  state.  In  one  county  alone,  the  number  of  trees 
increased  from  1,374  in  1890  to  13,980  in  1900.  This  fact  points  to  the 
increasing  interest  in  the  growing  of  this  fruit  which  has  so  long  been 
neglected.  It  is  a  fine  fruit  and  the  demand  is  always  good.  It  offers  one 
of  the  best  fields  for  fruit  growing  that  the  writer  knows  of. 

Why  this  fruit  should  have  been  so  little  planted  can  only  be  accounted 
for  by  the  ripening  period  of  the  fruit  and  the  importance  of  quick  handling. 
The  season  ranges  from  middle  of  June  to  the  middle  of  July.  Oftentimes 
when  the  weather  is  very  hot  and  unless  the  fruit  is  marketed  the  same  day 


Special  Report  29 

it  is  gathered  it  is  not  in  marketable  condition,  and  often  too  soft  to  be 
used.  The  trees  are  shapely  and  of  medium  size  and  could  be  grown  on 
the  lawn  thus  being  used  both  for  ornament  and  use. 

In  the  propagation  of  the  cherry,  it  has  been  found  that  they  can  be 
more  successfully  budded  than  grafted  ;  one  year  old  seedlings  are  gener- 
ally used  for  this  purpose.  There  are  only  two  commercial  stocks,  the 
Mahaleb  and  Mazzard.  These  stocks  are  imported  from  Europe  where 
they  are  grown  in  large  quantities.  Mahaleb  has  been  found  to  be 
hardier  than  the  latter,  but  is  not  sufficiently  hardy  to  stand  the  rigorous  win- 
ters of  the  Northwest. 

All  commercial  varieties  on  the  market,  are  now  propagated  on  one  or 
the  other  of  the  above  stocks,  and  where  they  are  to  be  planted  in  the  cold 
sections  of  the  prairie  states,  north  of  the  41°  of  latitude,  it  is  a  very  good 
plan  to  plant  the  trees,  six  to  twelve  inches  deeper  than  they  stood  in  the 
nursery  row.  This  is  very  necessary  on  high  rolling  land  which  is  the 
most  suitable  for  cherry  orchards. 

The  sour  cherries  have  been  conveniently  divided  into  four  distinct 
groups  by  G.  Harold  Powell  formerly  of  the  Delaw^are  Station,  now  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  also  by  the  writer  in  Bulletin  73  of 
the  Iowa  Station  :  these  are  Montmorency,  Morello,  Brusseler  Braune  and 
Vladimir. 

The  Afontmorency  Group  is  distinguished  by  the  fruit  having  colorless 
juice,  flesh  whitish  with  a  light  red  tinge.  The  trees  are  rather  strong 
growers  with  moderately  strong  branches;  leaves  large,  thick  and  usually 
coarsely  serrated. 

The  Morello  Group  has  dark  colored  fruit,  flesh  dark,  juice  colored. 
The  trees  are  small  with  slender  branches.  Foliage  medium  to  small,  rather 
thick,  serrated. 

The  Brusseler  Braune  Group  produces  fruit  of  a  dark  color,  with  dark 
red  flesh.  The  juice  is  usually  highly  colored.  The  stem  is  long  and 
moderately  stout.  The  trees  are  large,  upright,  compact  and  round-topped. 
It  is  made  up  of  Russian  or  German  varieties. 

The  Vladimir  group  is  composed  of  Russian  varieties.  The  trees  are 
compact  with  slender,  willowy-like  branches.  Fruit  dark  colored  with 
highly  colored  juice. 

Below  are  given  descriptions  of  the  old  and  new  sorts,  in  their 
respective  groups. 

In  varieties  of  the  same  group  there  is  such  a  slight  variation  that  often- 
times it  is  a  very  difficult  thing  to  distinguish  between  the  varieties.  Where 
they  are  in  different  groups,  one  being  light  colored  with  colorless  juice, 
and  the  other  being  dark  colored  with  colored  flesh  and  juice,  it  is  very 
easy  to  identify  them. 

The  following  descriptions  are  intended  to  aid  in  the  identifying  and 
classifying  of  the  many  varieties  now  grown  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  under  the  most  recent  nomenclature. 


30  American  Pomological  Society 

Amarelle  Hative.  (Morello  Hative)  (Early  Amarelle)  Montmorency  : 
Imported  by  Prof.  Budd  and  disseminated  by  him.  H.  A.  Terry  of 
Crescent,  Iowa,  reports  it  as  a  good  bearer  ;  fruit  resembling  Early 
Richmond  in  appearance  and  very  good  for  canning.  It  does  not  seem  to 
possess  any  qualities  which  would  justify  its  extensive  planting  or  supersed- 
ing varieties  commonly  grown. 

Baldwin.  Morello:  This  variety  is  reported  by  S.  J-  Baldwin  of  Seneca, 
Kans.,  who  introduced  it,  to  be  from  a  sprout  of  the  Early  Richmond. 

It  is  reported  by  some  growers  to  be  almost  identical  with  Northwest 
or  Wier's  No.  29.  In  foliage  and  growth  of  tree  there  is  considerable  dif- 
ference. The  Northwest  has  an  obovate  leaf  with  serrate  margin,  while  the 
Baldwin  has  an  ovate  leaf  with  crenate  margin.  The  leaf  of  the  former  is 
thin  and  even,  while  the  latter  is  thick  and  rugose.  The  Baldwin  has  a 
strong,  spreading  top,  while  the  Northwest  is  more  slender  and  upright. 
The  twigs  of  the  former  are  larger  and  heavier.     It  is  a  very  promising  sort. 

Bessarabian.  (No.  62),  Brusseler  Braune  :  Imported  by  Prof.  Budd 
in  18S5,  and  has  been  widely  disseminated  as  Number  62. 

Color  dark  red  to  almost  black  at  maturity  ;  size  medium  ;  stem  long 
and  slender  i^  inches  to  2  inches  long.  Cavity  shallow  and  broad  ;  suture 
very  indistinct ;  skin  tough  and  thin  ;  apex  slightly  depressed  ;  flesh  colored 
and  meaty  ;  juice  colored  ;  quality  good  ;  flavor,  acid  with  slight  astring- 
ency  ;  season,  July  ist. 

The  fruit  colors  deeply  some  time  before  maturity,  and  if  picked 
as  soon  as  colored,  is  acid  and  astringent,  but  when  ripened  on  the 
tree  it  has  a  pleasant  flavor. 

Brusseler  Braune.  (Griotte  du  Nord),  Brusseler  Braune:  Form,  round- 
ish, heart  shaped  ;  size  medium  to  large  ;  stem,  moderately  stout,  long, 
i^  inches;  cavity,  narrow,  deep,  slightly  lipped  in  some  specimens;  apex, 
roundish,  flattened;  skin,  thin  and  tender;  color,  dark  red;  flesh  firm, 
crisp  with  pinkish  juice  ;  quality,  good  ;  flavor,  sprightly  acid. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  very  upright,  quite  compact ;  branches  long, 
slender,  sometimes  pendulous  ;  twigs  are  light  gray  with  numerous  lenti- 
cles  ;  leaf  medium  thick,  slightly  roughened  ;  dark  green  on  upper  surface, 
much  lighter  below  ;  narrow,  obovate,  sometimes  elliptical,  serrated  ;  often 
poor  bearer  ;  very  late  in  ripening,  July  15  to  25. 

Prof.  Budd  introduced  this  variety  in  1883  from  Russia,  and  states  it 
is  greatly  prized  on  the  sandy  plains  of  East  Poland.  There  is  great  con- 
fusion in  the  nomenclature  of  this  variety.  The  Lutovka,  George  Glass, 
Orel  No.  27,  and  Bessarabian  are  sometimes  mistaken  for  it,  but  they  vary 
considerably,  both  in  tree  and  fruit,  and  can  be  readily  distinguished, 
Brusseler  Braune  is  more  valuable  than  any  of  them,  and  in  some  localities 
may  prove  to  be  a  good,  regular  bearer,  but  here  in  Iowa  is  a  very  un- 
certain, light  bearer. 

Corning.  Morello  or  Brusseler  Braune  :  Originated  by  A.  F.  Collman, 
Corning,  Iowa.  Fruit,  heart  shaped,  medium  or  above  ;  cavity,  modera- 
tely deep  and  narrow  ;  stem,  medium,  stout,  i  to  1 14^  inches  ;  suture,  want- 
ing ;  apex,  slii^htly  flattened  ;  skin,  moderately  thick  and  tender  ;  color, 
red  ;  flesh,  firm  and  breaking  ;  juice,  slightly  colored  ;  stone,  medium, 
ovate  ;  quality,  good  ;  flavor,  briskly  sub-acid  ;  cross  between  Wragg  and 
Lutovka;   season,  late;   a  promising  sort ;   productive. 


Special  Report  31 

Duchess  d' Anjouleme.  Montmorency  :  Fruit  oblate  ;  size  medium  or 
above  ;  cavity  very  small,  one  inch  ;  suture  indistinct ;  apex  rounded, 
slight  depression  ;  color  bright  red  ;  flesh  soft  ;  flavor  sprightly  acid  ;  qual- 
ity fair  ;  season  June  i8th.  Fruit  resembles  Early  Richmond  somewhat 
but  is  a  trifle  larger  and  juice  not  so  watery.  Tree  large,  upright,  slightly 
spreading  ;  branches  stout  ;  leaves  medium,  serrated  ;  not  much  different 
from  the  Early  Richmond  in  general  appearance.  This  was  imported  by 
Professor  Budd  from  Russia.  It  is  the  most  productive  and  regular  bearer 
of  his  collection.  Tree  very  hardy  and  vigorous.  It  may  prove  to  be  a 
valuable  variety  where  the  Early  Richmond  does  not  succeed.  Reported 
by  some  growers  as  not  very  productive. 

Dyehouse.  Montmorency:  Form  round,  slightly  oblate  ;  size  medium 
to  small  ;  cavity  deep,  rather  broad  ;  stem  stout  and  short — ^  inch  to  x)/^ 
inch  ;  suture  very  indistinct  ;  apex  very  slightly  depressed  ;  skin  thin  ; 
color  bright  red  ;  flesh  soft,  juicy  ;  juice  colorless  ;  stone  small,  round  ; 
quality  very  good  ;  flavor  slightly  acid ;  fruit  is  a  little  smaller  than  Early 
Richmond  and  Montmorency. 

Double  Natie.  {Riga  18,)  {Dopplette  Natte)  Morello :  Form  slightly 
oblate,  obscurely  heart-shaped  ;  size  large  ;  cavity  broad  in  some  specimens  ; 
very  large,  moderately  deep,  variable  ;  stem  slender,  i  to  i^  inch  ;  suture 
very  indistinct  ;  apex  very  slightly  depressed  ;  skin  thin,  tender  ;  color 
dark  red,  getting  nearly  black  at  maturity;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  with  deeply 
colored  juice  ;  stone  nearly  spherical  ;  quality  very  good  ;  flavor  rich, 
mildly  acid  ;  ripens  from  June  2 2d  to  July  ist.  Tree  of  medium  size, 
spreading  and  open  ;  branches  moderate  size  and  slightly  drooping.  Very 
hardy  and  thrifty.      Productive.     A  fine  sort  to  eat  out  of  hand. 

Ear/y  Morello.  See  Orel  No.  23.  Montmorency:  There  seems  to  be  a 
great  deal  of  confusion  concerning  this  variety.  In  recent  years  there  have 
been  two  distinct  varieties  disseminated  under  this  name, — one  from  Rose- 
dale,  Kansas,  introduced  from  Germany,  and  one  by  D.  A.  Reed  of 
Nebraska.  Then  the  one  imported  by  Professor  Budd  as  Orel  No.  23  is 
given  as  a  synonym  of  this  variety,  and  rightly,  too.  Fruit  has  light  colored 
juice  while  those  under  this  name  from  Kansas  and  Nebraska  are  dark 
cherries  with  highly  colored  juice.  There  is  no  doubt  that  these  are  the  old 
Wier's  No.  29  or  Northwest,  sent  out  by  la.  Experiment  Station.  G.  A. 
Marshall,  Arlington,  Nebraska,  reports  it  identical  as  also  does  Mr.  H.  A. 
Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa,  both  having  grown  these  varieties  for  a  number  of 
years. 

Early  Richmond.  Montmorency  :  Fruit  medium  in  size,  light  red, 
roundish  oblate  :  skin  thin,  translucent  ;  flesh  watery  ;  juice  colorless  ; 
flavor  acid  ;  quality  good  ;  stem  i  inch  to  \yl  inch  long;  stone  round, 
oval  ;  season  June  15th  ;  leaves  thin,  long,  inclined  to  ovate  ;  probably  the 
most  commonly  grown  cherry  of  the  sour  sorts  ;  an  early  and  productive 
bearer,  but  tree  inclined  to  be  short  lived. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  commonly  grown  varieties  and  ranks  as  one  of 
the  best  of  the  old  varieties.  The  tree  is  hardy  and  vigorous  but  is  said  to 
be  short  lived.  It  is  a  profuse  and  regular  bearer.  Fruit  matures  early, 
season  middle  of  June.  Fruit  only  keeps  a  day  or  two  after  picking.  A 
local  market  should  be  supplied.     A  poor  variety  for  shipping. 

English  Morello.  Morello  :  Fruit,  medium  to  large  ;  form,  round  ; 
obscurely,  heart  shaped  ;  stem,  moderately  stout,  i^  inches  ;  apex, round  ; 


32  American  Pomological  Society 

color,  dark  red  ;  juice,  abundant,  colored,  very  acid  ;  season  late  about 
July  15th  to  20th  in  central  Iowa  ;  tree,  medium,  spreading,  slender,  hardy, 
productive.  This  is  one  of  the  oldest  varieties  and  has  been  grown  in  this 
country  for  many  years.  It  is  classed  as  one  of  the  best  sorts,  being  very 
productive  and  hardy,  firm  and  an  excellent  shipper. 

Goodspeed.  Montmorency  :  Form,  oblate,  slightly  heart  shaped  ;  size, 
medium  large  ;  cavity,  deep  and  broad.  Stem,  short,  stout  i  inch  ;  suture, 
roundish  slightly  flattened  ;  skin,  thin  and  tender  ;  color,  dark  red  ;  flesh 
moderately  firm,  tender,  uncolored  ;  juice  uncolored  ;  stone,  almost  free, 
medium,  roundish  ovate  ;  quality,  good  ;  flavor,  slightly  sub-acid.  Ripens 
just  after  the  Early  Richmond. 

Griotie  dii  Nord.  (See  Brusseler  Braune):  Prince  in  his  Pomology 
published  in  1831  gives  this  as  a  synonym  of  the  Brusseler  Braune  and  de- 
scribed the  fruit  as  follows  :  form  almost  spherical ;  medium  size  ;  the  skin 
and  flesh  both  dark  and  red  color  ;  flavor  acid,  sometimes  bitter.  He  says  it 
was  grown  much  in  northern  France,  Belgium  and  Holland.  The  Dutch 
obtained  this  variety  from  Russia.  Professor  Budd  in  his  notes  on  Russian 
importations  reports  this  variety  as  grown  in  North  Silesia.  Fruit  large, 
nearly  black,  flesh  firm.  Fruit  matures  about  July  20th.  Tree  is  very 
similar  in  habit  of  growth,  size  and  hardiness  to  the  Brusseler  Braune. 
Of  little  value. 

June  Amarelle .  Montmorency  :  Specimens  of  this  variety  were  received 
from  Mr.  H.  A.  Terry,  Crescent,  Iowa.  Form  round,  oblate  ;  size  large  ; 
cavity  variable;  stem  thick,  ^  to  i^  inches  long;  suture  indistinct, 
marked  by  faint  line  ;  apex  flattened  ;  skin  thin,  rather  tough;  color  light 
red;  flesh  yellowish  juicy;  juice  colorless;  stone  medium  to  small; 
quality  good,  flavor  sprightly  sub -acid. 

Introduced  by  Professor  Budd  in  1883.  Synonyms  Juneat  Amarelle, 
Amarelle,  June  Morello.     Should  be  further  tested. 

Homer.  Montmorency  :  F.  Yahnke  of  Winona,  Minnesota,  reports 
having  grown  this  variety  for  a  number  of  years.  It  is  seedling  that  came 
from  New  Haven,  Connecticut ;  said  to  be  productive  and  hardy.  No  fruit 
of  this  variety  was  received.  It  may  be  valuable  for  the  cold  sections  of  the 
Northwest. 

Late  Richmond.  Montmorency  :  Medium  round,  conical  cherry  with  a 
thin,  translucent  skin  ;  light  red  in  color  ;  stem  thick,  i  to  i  ^^  inches  long  ; 
cavity  shallow,  broad  ;  seed  round,  large  ;  flesh  tender  and  juicy  ;  juice  color- 
less, not  as  watery  as  Early  Richmond  ;  season  a  week  to  ten  days  later  ; 
flavor  acid  ;  quality  very  good.  The  Montmorency  is  a  few  days  earlier  in 
ripening,  scarcely  as  acid,  and  usually  a  little  more  conical  in  shape. 

Some  growers  report  this  variety  unproductive.  Others  seem  to  think 
it  moderately  productive.  English  Morello  or  Wragg  will  doubtless  be 
more  valuable  where  a  late  variety  is  desired. 

Lutovka.  {Galopin).  Brusseler  Braune  :  Fruit  of  this  variety  was 
received  from  Atlantic  and  Amana,  Iowa ;  also  from  our  grounds.  This 
fruit  seems  to  be  very  distinct  from  the  Brusseler  Braune.  It  is  not  a 
synonym  of  that  variety.  Form  oblate,  obscurely  heart-shaped  ;  size 
medium.  ^  by  ^4  inches;  cavity  wide  and  deep  ;  stem  i  to  loyi  inches; 
suture    prominent  ;  apex    depressed  ;  skin    thin    and  tough  ;  translucent  ; 


Special  Report  33 

color  red  ;  flesh  colorless,  meaty,  free  from  stone  ;  juice  colorless  ;  stone 
flattened,  large  ;  flavor  slightly  acid  ;  quality  good. 

Tree  is  large,  strong,  upright  ;  branches  slightly  spreading  ;  leaves 
large,  elliptical,  ovate,  acute,  leathery ;  reddish  brown  twigs,  coarsely 
serrated. 

This  variety  was  imported  by  Professor  Budd  in  1883  and  he  states 
that  it  was  much  grown  in  Poland,  North  Silesia,  and  South  Russia. 

Lithauer  Weichsel.  Vladimir  :  Form  round  oblate,  size  small,  g-i6 
inches  wide,  7-16  inches  long;  cavity,  narrow,  shallow;  stem  long,  slen- 
der, 15^  inches  ;  apex,  depressed  ;  skin,  tough  ;  color,  dark  red  ;  flesh, 
red,  almost  purple,  meaty  ;  juice,  red  ;  stone,  roundish,  large  ;  quality, 
fair  ;   flavor,  acid. 

Morello  Fouche.  (Fouche's  Morello)  Morello  :  Fruit,  roundish  oblate  ; 
size,  small;  cavity,  shallow  and  broad;  stem,  slender,  i^A.  to  i  ^  inches 
long  ;  suture  marked  by  a  line  ;  apex,  flattened,  slightly  depressed  ;  skin, 
thin,  moderately  tough  ;  color,  dark  red  to  crimson  ;  flesh,  firm  and  break- 
ing ;  juice,  colored  ;  stone,  nearly  round,  medium  ;  quality,  fair  ;  flavor, 
sprightly  sub-acid  ;  tree,  medium  to  large,  upright. 

Professor  Budd  says  from  Riga,  Russia.     Of  little  value. 

Montmorency  Ordmaire.  (Long  Stemmed  Montmorency).  Montmo- 
rency :  Fruit,  roundish  oblate  to  obscure  heart-shaped  ;  of  light  red  color 
with  thin  and  translucent  skin  and  colorless  juice  ;  medium  size  ;  stem, 
i]'l  inches  to  ij4  inches  long;  cavity  of  medium  depth;  suture,  very 
indistinct  ;  apex,  convex  ;  quality,  very  good  ;  flesh,  meaty  ;  stone,  small 
and  round  ;  flavor,  sub-acid  ;  season,  June  20th  to  July  ist. 

The  Montmorency  group  of  cherries  is  probably  one  of  the  most 
confused  groups  that  we  have.  The  Montmorency  Ordinaire,  Short 
Stem  Montmorency,  Large  Montmorency,  and  Montmorency  Extraordi- 
naire have  practically  become  synonyms  and  the  same  variety  and  are  often 
found  under  any  of  the  above  names.  The  Montmorency  cherries  origi- 
nated in  France,  and  in  Prince's  Pomological  Manual,  published  in  1831, 
two  varieties  are  described,  the  Long  Stem  Montmorency  and  the 
Short  Stem  Montmorency.  The  Short  Stem  Montmorency  is  said  to  be 
large  and  of  the  best  quality  but  a  poor  bearer.  For  this  reason  it 
is  not  widely  distributed  and  Prince  says  it  was  found  growing  only  in  the 
gardens  of  those  "  who  prefer  the  fine  fruit  to  the  quality  of  fruit." 

The  Long  Stem  Montmorency  is  undoubtedly  the  Montmorency 
Ordinaire  and  the  one  that  is  usually  propagated  simply  under  the  name 
Montmorency.  This  same  variety  is  sometimes  sold  as  large  Montmorency 
and  Montmorency  Extraordinaire,  although  these  names  more  appropriately 
belong  to  the  Short  Stem  Montmorency. 

The  Montmorency  cherries  rank  among  the  leading  commercial  varie- 
ties and  undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  profitable  to  grow. 

Note  :  New  York  canners  are  this  year  showing  a  marked  preference 
for  dark  colored  cherries. — Secretary. 


34  American  Pomological  Society 

Several  varieties  of  the  Montmorencies  have  appeared  from  time  to 
time,  due  to  local  influences,  and  have  given  rise  to  varieties  that  are  now 
in  the  trade.  Montmorency  Extraordinaire  does  not  seem  to  differ 
from  Montmorency  Ordinaire  except  in  the  character  of  the  leaf  and 
where  this  difference  is  shown  it  should  be  classed  as  a  varietal  strain  and 
not  as  a  variety. 

There  is  more  difference  shown  in  the  leaf  of  the  Montmorencies  than 
in  any  character  of  the  fruit.  Short  Stem  Montmorency  has  long, 
slender,  spatulate  leaves,  while  the  Montmorency  Ordinaire  has  a  large 
oval  leaf. 

Northwest  or  Wier's  No.  2g.  Morello  :  This  variety  was  originated 
by  Mr.  D.  B.  Wier  of  Lacon,  Illinois,  who  was  the  originator  of  sev- 
eral varieties  of  value.  Downing  in  his  manuscript  notes  describes  this 
cherry  as  received  from  a  nurseryman  under  date  of  July  3,  1883.  It  was 
distributed  by  Professor  Budd  and  H.  E.  Rowley  of  Lacon,  Illinois,  as 
Wier's  No.  29. 

Fruit,  round,  obscurely  heart-shaped  ;  medium  ;  cavity,  shallow  ; 
size,  1^10  1%  inches;  suture,  indistinct;  apex,  rounded;  skin,  tough, 
moderately  thick  ;  color,  dark  red  to  almost  black  at  maturity  ;  flesh,  firm, 
deeply  colored  ;  juice,  deeply  colored  ;  stone,  small,  round  ;  flavor,  acid, 
slightly  astringent  ;  quality,  medium  ;  season,  June  22d  to  July  31st. 
Tree  resembles  the  English  Morello  very  much  in  size  and  habit  of  growth. 
It  is  productive,  good  size  and  color  and  an  excellent  fruit. 

Orel  24.  See  Lutovka.  Morello:  Fruit  round,  oblate;  medium; 
cavity  rather  deep;  stem  stout,  i  to  i^  inches  long;  suture  indistinct, 
marked  by  faint  line  ;  apex  slightly  depressed  and  flattened  ;  skin  thin  and 
translucent  ;  color  carnelian  red  ;  flesh  colored  and  firm  ;  juice  colored  ; 
stone  round,  angular  ;  quality  good  ;  flavor  acid  and  pleasant. 

Ostheim.  {Cerise  D).  Morello:  Round  and  oblate  ;  medium;  dark 
red  in  color  ;  flesh  firm  and  meaty  ;  juice  colored  ;  stem  S/%  to  i  inch  long  ; 
skin  thin  and  tough  ;  quality  fair  ;  flavor  acid  and  slightly  astringent  ;  tree 
medium  roundish  to  flat  topped,  spreading  to  dropping  branches  ;  leave.s 
small  to  medium  ;  ovate,  slightly  serrated,  leathery  ;  grown  in  the  United 
States  for  nearly  a  century. 

Synonyms :  Ostheimer,  Griotte  d'Ostheim,  Ostheimer  Weischel  and 
Minnesota  Ostheim.  In  the  Montreal  Horticultural  Society  Report  of 
1883,  Chas.  Gibb  says  that  the  Ostheim  is  reported  by  Director  StoU  of 
Proskau  Silesia  to  be  a  native  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  in  Spain, 
where  it  was  found  at  elevations  of  5,000  to  6,000  feet,  introduced  into 
Germany  1687  by  a  German  Professor  who  grew  it  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  town  of    Ostheim. 

Ostheim.  (Griotte  d'Ostheim).  Morello  :  Fruit  round,  occasionally 
heart  shaped,  below  medium  ;  stem  long  and  slender,  i  y,  to  2  inches  ; 
color  deep  red,  almost  black  at  maturity  ;  flesh  deep  red  and  firm  ;  juice 
highly  colored  ;  cavity  very  shallow  and  loosely  attached  to  the  stem  ;  qual- 
ity very  good  ;  flavor  mildly  sub-acid  ;  season  June  25th. 

Very  similar  to  the  Minnesota  Ostheim  but  ripens  a  few  days  later. 
Imported  by  Professor  Budd  in  1883.     Ostheim  is  a  group  name  for  a  class 


Special  Report  35 

of  cherries  that  is  just  as  badly  confused  as  the  Montmorency  class.  The 
names  Ostheim,  Griotte  d'  Ostheim,  Cerise  d'Ostheim,  Minnesota  Ostheim 
and  Ostheimer  have  been  used  interchangeably.  They  are  undoubtedly 
slight  varietal  differences  but  they  are  hardly  distinct  enough  to  make  well 
established  varieties  that  can  be  readily  separated,  or  so  plainly  marked 
but  what  one  may  be  substituted  for  the  other.  These  points  of  difference 
have  been  briefly  mentioned  in  the  descriptions. 

The  developing  of  specialized  strains  of  fruit  is  a  work  that  should  be 
encouraged,  but  they  should  be  put  out  as  improved  strains  and  not  as 
distinct  varieties.  The  Ostheim  cherries  are  a  valuable  class  for  the  West. 
The  fruit  ripens  the  first  week  in  July,  being  a  black  red  in  color,  of  good 
size  and  flavor  and  proves  a  satisfactory  variety  to  grow. 

Ostheim,  {Minn.)  Morello  :  Form  is  round,  small  to  medium  ;  stem 
slender  and  long,  with  a  shallow  and  broad  cavity  ;  color  is  deep  red,  some- 
times black  when  fully  mature  ;  skin  is  thick  and  tough ;  flesh  firm  and 
juicy,  the  juice  being  brightly  colored  ;  quality  good  ;  flavor  sub-acid, 
slightly  astringent. 

Professor  Budd  says  Minnesota  Ostheim  is  much  earlier  than  Cerise 
d'  Ostheim  and  Griotte  d'  Ostheim.  In  Iowa  Horticultural  Report,  1881, 
p.  371,  it  is  stated  that  E.  Meyer  of  Saint  Peter,  Minnesota,  imported  this 
variety  from  his  home  in  north  Germany.  It  has  proved  very  hardy  under 
the  trying  conditions  of  the  prairie  states.  The  hardiness  of  the  tree  makes 
it  a  valuable  acquisition  for  Minnesota  and  the  Northwest. 

Shadozu  Amarelle.  (Shadow  Morello)  Morello  :  This  is  one  of  the 
latest  varieties  of  the  Russian  sorts  ;  ripens  a  little  later  than  Brusseler 
Braune  ;  season  July  15th  to  25th.  Fruit  is  roundish  conical ;  medium  ; 
cavity  small,  shallow;  stem  i^  to  i  ^^  inches,  slender;  apex  rounded; 
skin  thin,  tough  ;  color  deep  red  ;  flesh  firm  ;  juice  deeply  colored  ;  stone 
flattish  oval  ;   quality  fair  ;   flavor  sprightly  acid. 

Tree  is  small,  spreading  to  drooping  ;  branches  are  dull  brown  ; 
leaves  small,  ovate,  elliptical,  sometimes  smaller  at  base,  thus  being  ovate; 
slightly  serrated  ;  color  light  green . 

Imported  by  Professor  Budd  in  1883.  In  bulletin  No.  18  of  the  Iowa 
station  he  reports  it  as  a  heavy  and  regular  bearer.  On  account  of  its 
lateness  it  may  be  worthy  of  trial  in  a  commercial  way. 

Shubianka.  Vladimir :  Fruit  is  round,  small  ;  cavity  broad  and 
shallow  ;  stem  long  and  slender  ;  apex  flattened  ;  skin  tough  and  thick  ; 
deep  red  ;  flesh  firm,  with  highly  covered  juice  ;  stone  round,  rather  large; 
quality  poor  ;   flavor  sprightly  acid,  astringent  with  bitter  taste  after. 

Silver  Thorne.  Morello  :  A  variety  that  is  supposed  to  have  originated 
in  Muscatine  County,  Iowa,  about  fifty  years  ago.  W.  S.  Fultz  of  Mus- 
catine describes  it  as  follows  :  "In  size  and  color  about  the  same  as 
Early  Richmond,  and  resembles  this  variety  in  tree  and  fruit.  Flavor  not 
so  acid  and  flesh  firmer  ;  fairly  productive.  Has  been  propagated  from 
sprouts  and  comes  true. 

Sklanka.  ]Montmorency :  Fruit  roundish  oblate,  medium;  cavity 
broad,  shallow  ;  stem  Z3  to  i^  inches  ;  suture  not  marked  ;  apex  flatten- 


36  American  Pomological  Society 

ed  ;  skin  thin  ;  color  light  red  when  fully  ripe  ;  flesh  soft,  juicy  ;  juice  un- 
colored  rather  watery  ;  stone  medium  size  ;  quality  poor  to  fair  ;  flavor 
acid;  season  June  15th  to  25th. 

Tree  is  large,  spreading,  with  strong  branches  slightly  dropping,  foli- 
age abundant,  medium,  ovate,  crenate,  acute  ;  twigs  reddish  brown  ; 
very   hardy   and    vigorous. 

It  is  one  of  the  best  Russian  sorts  and  has  been  widely  disseminated 
and  deserves  to  be  further  tested. 

Spate  Amarelle.  Montmorency:  Fruit  oblate,  medium  ;  cavity  broad, 
shallow;  stem  \}i  to  i  J/^  inches,  usually  not  variable  ;  apex  flattened  and 
depressed  ;  skin  translucent,  thin  ;  color  pinkish  yellow  and  light  red  ; 
flesh  soft ;  juice  uncolored  ;  stone  small  ;  quality  fair  ;  flavor  lacking  in 
richness  ;  season  June  20th. 

Tree  large,  upright,  spreading,  quite  open  ;  bark  reddish  to  dark 
brown  ;  leaves  small  to  medium,  elliptical,  double  serrate,  of  leathery  tex- 
ture ;  foliage  only  moderately  abundant. 

This  variety  has  been  mistaken  for  the  Shadow  Amarelle.  Hedrick 
in  Utah  Station  bulletin  No.  64  says  the  fruit  has  dark  colored  juice  and  the 
trees  dwarf,  which  closely  corresponds  to  the  Shadow  Amarelle  as  grown 
here.  Imported  by  Professor  Budd  in  1883.  In  his  notes  on  cherries  he 
reports  that  this  variety  was  much  grown  in  East  Poland  and  North  Silesia. 

Moderately  productive  and  hardy.     May  be  of  value. 

Strauss  Weichsel.  (Strauss)  Brusseler  Braune  :  Fruit  conical,  truncate  ; 
small  to  medium  ;  cavity  deep,  round  ;  stem  i  J^^  inches,  slender  ;  suture 
indistinct;  apex  smooth,  lacking  depression;  color  almost  black;  flesh 
firm,  colored,  juicy  ;  stone  globular ;  flavor  acid,  astringent  ;  quality 
medium. 

Tree  of  medium  size,  upright  grower  ;  leaves  medium  ;  moderately 
hardy  ;  a  shy  bearer.      No  value  for  commercial  purposes. 

Suda  Hardy.  (Suda)  Morello:  Fruit  is  heart-shaped,  roundish, medium  ; 
cavity  moderately  deep  and  narrow  ;  stem  medium  stout,  i  to  \]/{  inches  ; 
suture  marked  with  line  ;  apex  rounded  ;  skin  thin  and  tender  ;  color 
almost  black  when  ripe  ;  flesh  slightly  colored,  moderately  firm  ;  juice 
almost  colorless  ;  stone  rather  long,  oval,  medium  ;  quality  fair  to  good, 
slightly  acid. 

It  is  hard  to  distinguish  the  fruit  of  this  from  Wragg  and  English 
Morello,  the  only  essential  difference  being  in  the  stem,  but  the  tree  is  more 
upright  and  can  thus  be  readily  distinguished  from  these  varieties.  It  is  a 
good,  prolific  bearer  with  him.  The  photographs  of  these  varieties  bring 
out  the  essential  differences  of  stems  which  can  be  readily  distinguished. 

Powell  in  the  12th  Annual  Report  of  the  Delaware  Station  states  that 
this  variety  originated  at  Louisiana,  Missouri,  and  there  is  no  reason  to  be- 
lieve that  the  old  tree  which  was  then  22  years  old  was  not  an  English  Mor- 
ello. 

Timnie.  Montmorency:  Fruit  oblate,  medium  ;  cavity  medium  round; 
stem  I  to  i^  inches  ;  suture  wanting;  apex  depressed  ;  surface  smooth, 
translucent ;   color  deep  red  ;  skin  astringent  ;  flesh  light  red  with  colorless 


Special  Report  37 

juice  ;  stone  large,  round,  smooth  ;  flavor  sprightly  acid  ;  season  a  little 
later  than  Early  Richmond. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  strong,  hardy  ;  branches  medium  large  ;  upright 
slightly  spreading  ;  leaves  medium  to  small,  dark,  leathery. 

Professor  Budd  says  this  variety  came  from  Germany  and  was  intro- 
duced by  a  German  in  Omaha  by  the  name  of  Timme  who  sent  scions  to 
the  Department  of  Horticulture  of  the  Iowa  state  college  for   propagation. 

Terry.  Morello  :  This  variety  was  obtained  from  H.  A.  Terry,  Cres- 
cent, Iowa,  who  received  it  from  the  Iowa  state  college  as  Spate  Amarelle, 
but  when  it  fruited  it  proved  to  be  different  from  this  variety.  The  State 
Horticultural  Society,  after  examining  the  fruit,  named  it  Terry.  It  has 
been  widely  disseminated  under  this  name. 

Fruit  round,  slightly  oblong  ;  large  ;  cavity,  very  shallow  ;  stem  rather 
slender  i  to  i^  inches  ;  suture  very  indistinct,  marked  by  straight  line  ; 
apex  convex,  slightly  depressed  ;  skin  lender  ;  color  dark  red  to  nearly 
black  at  maturity  ;  flesh  firm  and  crisp  ;  juice  colored  ;  stone  small, 
slightly  oval  ;   quality  good  ;   flavor  slightly  acid  and  rich. 

Tree  medium  upright,  round  topped,  hardy.  Many  growers  report 
this  variety  a  good  commercial  sort.     Should  be  valuable. 

Tiibbs.  Morello  :  This  is  said  to  have  originated  at  Iowa  City.  Fruit 
is  round  and  slightly  heart-shaped  ;  size  about  medium  ;  cavity  deep  and 
narrow  ;  stem  moderately  thick,  \]^  to  i^  inches  long;  suture  very  indis- 
tinct ;  apex  convex  ;  skin  thick  ;  color  dark  red  ;  flesh  crisp  and  meaty  ; 
juice  highly  colored  ;  stone  small,  round  ;  quality  very  good  ;  flavor 
slightly  acid.      Promising. 

IV/er's  A^o.  2.  [Starr]  Montmorency  :  Fruit  oblate,  conic,  medium  ; 
cavity  shallow,  broad  ;  stem  ^  to  i  inch ;  suture  slight ;  apex  small 
depression  ;  color  dark  red  ;  flesh  firm, meaty  ;  juice  dark  ;  stone  oval,  medi- 
um ;  flavor  mildly  sub-acid  ;  quality  fair  ;  good,  regular  bearer  ;  season  a  few 
days  earlier  than  Early  Richmond. 

Tree  medium  to  large,  upright  and  spreading  ;  leaves  doubly  serrated, 
medium  to  large  ;  foliage  only  fairly  abundant ;  somewhat  larger  than 
Wier's  No.  44.  Originated  by  D.  W.  VVier  of  Lacon,  Illinois.  One  of  the 
most  productive  of  the  collection.  Fruit  about  the  size  of  Richmond  ;  tree 
hardy  and  worthy  of  trial. 

Wier  {Dan  or  No.  ii.)  Morello  :  The  Dan  Wier,  or  No.  11  as  de- 
scribed by  H.  E.  Rowley  of  Lacon,  111.,  who  was  foreman  under  the  late 
D.  B.  Wier  is  as  follows  :  "  It  is  a  very  early  cherry  ripening  fully  as  early 
or  a  little  earlier  than  Northwest  and  Early  Richmond  ;  is  a  more  upright 
grower  ;  a  very  prolific  bearer  ;  is  more  hardy  in  tree  and  fruit  bud  than 
Wier's  No.  29,  or  Northwest  ;  fruit  is  black,  or  nearly  black  ;  a  little  oblong 
or  heart-shaped  ;  juice  dark,  and  flavor  sweeter  than  many  of  the  sour  sorts. 

Wier's  No.  12.  Morello:  Fruit  long, roundish  cordate, medium  ;  cav- 
ity moderately  deep  and  broad  ;  stem  long,  stout,  i  ^  to  2  inches  ;  suture 
obsolete  ;  apex  roundish  ;  skin  thick  and  tender  ;  color  dark  red  ;  flesh 
firm  and  crisp  ;  juice  colorless  ;  stone  large,  oval  ;  quality  fair  ;  flavor 
sprightly  sub-acid;  season  from  July  12th  to  20th;  latest  of  the  Wier 
seedlings. 

Tree  is  of  moderate  size,  spreading  to  drooping  ;  leaves  medium  to 
large,  leathery  ;  decidedly  elliptical  ;  dark  brown  twigs  ;  foliage  good  ; 
hardy  and  moderately  productive. 


38  American  Pomological  Society 

Wier's  No.  44  {Periam)  Montmorenc}'  :  Form  oblate,  small  to  medi- 
um ;  cavity  shallow  ;  stem  one  inch  ;  color  light  red  ;  skin  thin  and  tender  ; 
flesh  tender,  light  colored,  with  uncolored  juice  ;  flavor  acid  ;  quality  mod- 
erately good  ;  season  late  June.  The  fruit  and  tree  is  a  trifle  smaller  than 
the  No.  2. 

Tree  medium  or  slightly  above  ;  an  upright,  spreading, habit  ;  branches 
moderately  strong  ;  foliage  is  thin  ;  leaves  small  to  medium,  decidedly 
ovate,  only  slightly  serrated,  fine  texture. 

Wheeler.  Morello  :  A  seedling  of  English  Morello  said  to  be  a  little 
larger,  and  of  good  quality.  Originated  by  H.  J.  Wheeler  of  Carnforth, 
Iowa,  who  says  it  is  a  good  bearer  and  hardy.     Not  introduced. 

/'Frrt!^^  (English  Morello)  Morello :  Fruit  heart-shaped,  medium  to 
large  ;  cavity  deep  and  broad  ;  stem  medium  slender,  i  to  ij4  inches  ;  suture 
nearly  obsolete  ;  apex  roundish,  sometimes  slightly  flattened  ;  skin  tender 
and  thin  ;  color  dark  red  ;  flesh  firm,  crisp,  with  colored  juice  ;  stone 
small,  roundish  ovate  ;  quality  good  ;  flavor  briskly  sub  acid. 

Fruit  seems  to  be  a  little  larger  and  later  than  English  Morello.  It  has 
been  widely  distributed  and  is  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  Northwest  where  it 
is  now  considered  a  standard  variety. 

V/adimh-.  Vladimir  :  Fruit  round,  below  medium  ;  color  dark  red 
to  almost  black  at  maturity  ;  cavity  shallow  ;  stem  slender,  1 1>4  inches  long  ; 
apex  with  slight  depression  ;  suture  very  indistinct ;  skin  tender  ;  flesh 
melting  and  blood  red  in  color  ;  stone  round  and  small  ;  sub-acid  with 
slight  astringency  ;  quality  good. 


Part    III 

STATUS  OF    THE  CHERRY  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES  AND 
THE  PROVINCES  OF  CANADA 

The  following  circular  letter  was  addressed  to  each  of  the  Horticultur- 
ists of  the  different  Experiment  Stations  and  leading  fruit  growers  in  the 
United  States  and  Canada,  and  extracts  from  their  answers  to  the  questions 
submitted  to  them  are  herewith  published ,  as  it  is  believed  that  these  will 
show  the  condition  of  the  cherry  industry  in  a  clearer  way  than  figures, 
which  are,  however,  published  as  well  : — 

"  Dear  Sir : — I  am  assisting  in  preparing  a  report  on  the  Cherry  and 
the  present  condition  of  the  Cherry  Industry  in  America,  for  the  American 
Pomological  Society,  and  should  esteem  it  a  favour  if  you  would  answer 
the  following  questions  and  return  the  same  to  my  address  : — 

1  : — To  what  extent  are  cherries  grown  in  your  State  ? 

2  : — Do  both  sour  and  sweet  cherries  succeed,  or  if  only  one  class, 
which  ? 

3  : — Which  are  the  most  profitable  to  grow,  sour  or  sweet?" 
Connecticut  :     i  : — Limited  ;  mostly  local. 

2  : — Many  old  sweet  cherries  scattered  throughout  the  State  bear  pro- 
fitably. Of  late  years,  however,  young  trees  have  not  done  as 
well.  A.  G.  GuLLEY,  Storrs. 

Idaho  :      i  : — In  large  quantities,  especially  in  Northern  part  of  State. 
2  : — Both,  to  perfection. 

3:  —  No  market  for  sour   cherries,    except  locally.     No    finer   sweet    cherries 
are  grown  in  the  U.  S.,  and  these  are  the  money  makers. 

L.  B.  JuDSON,  Moscow. 
Kentucky  :      i  : — Mostly  for  home  use  and  local  market. 

2  : — Sour  cherries  more  generally  grown,  and  more  successful. 
3: — Sour,  probably.  Clarence  W.  Mathews,  Lexington. 

Nebraska:      i: — Very   generally   grown    in    home  orchard;    few  large  commercial  or- 
chards. 

2  : — Sour. 

3  : — Sour. 

R.  A.  Emerson,  Lincoln. 
Nevada  :      i  : — Very  little. 
2  :— Both. 

P.  Beveridge  Kennedy,  Reno. 
Rhode  Island  :      i  : — Very  little. 

2  : — Sour. 

3  : — Sour. 

Fred  W.  Card,  Kingston. 
Utah  :      I  :— 

2  : — Both  grow,  but  the  sweet  cherries  are  not  hardy  in  all  parts. 

3  :— Sweet. 

W.  N.  HUTT. 


40 


American  Pomological  Society 


Wyoming  :      i  : — Only  a  few  trees  in  home  gardens  and  orchards. 
2 : — Sour. 

B.  C.  BUFFAM,  Laramie. 

Colorado :      i  : — Largely   grown,    especially  in  the  northern  part    of    the    State  ;  not 
generally  grown  on  the  western  slopes. 
2  : — Both  in   the  fruit  section  of  the   Western  slopes  :   the  sour  kind  only 
are  grown  on  the  Eastern  slope. 

W.  Paddock,  Fort  Collins. 

—Cherries  are  not  grown  in  this  State. 


Florida  : 
North  Carolina 


H.  Harold  Hume. 
-Grown  in  considerable  quantities  in  certain  places  in  this  State. 


2  : — Both  sour  and  sweet  cherries  succeed  very  well  in  the  western 
part  of  the  State. 

H.  Harold  Hume,  Raleigh. 
South  Carolina:     i  : — Not  to  any  extent  for  market  ;  only  a  few  trees  for  home  use. 

2  : — Sour  in  the  Western   part  of  the  State  ;  sweets  do  well  near  the 

mountain  section. 

3  : — Sour. 

C.  C.  Newman,  Clemson  Agricultural  College. 

Virginia  :     i  : — Not  grown  extensively  for  market. 

2  : — Both  groups  succeed  well   in    Virginia,   but  the  sour  cherries  appear 

to  be  better  adapted  to  commercial  culture.  This  may  be  due  to  the 
fact  that  a  large  number  of  the  sweet  cherries  have  been  propagated 
on  Mahaleb  stocks  and  are,  therefore,  neither  long  lived  nor  hardy(.') 
Field  Mazzards  are  very  hardy  and  when  the  improved  sorts  are 
grafted  on  Mazzards  they  will  probably  succeed  much  better  in  a 
commercial  way. 

3  : — The  sour  varieties  have  been  more  profitable,  but  there  is  no  reason 

why  this  should  be  so  if  above  condition  (2)  is  corrected  and  if 
the  grower  will  practice  up-to-date  methods  in  handling  and  market- 
ing. H.  L.  Price,  Blacksburg. 

Washington  :     i  : — Sweet  cherries  are  grown  to  a  considerable  extent. 

2  : — Sour  and  sweet  cherries. 

3  :— Sweet. 

D.  C.  Mooring,  Pullman. 
Alabama:      i: — Very  limited. 

R.  S.  Mackintosh,  Auburn. 
Arizona:     i  :  — Not  to  any  extent.     A  few  in  the  northern  part. 

Chas.  A.  Van  Der  Veer,  Phoenix. 
Arizona  :      i  :     To  a  limited  extent  in  a  few  isolated  mountain  localities. 

R.  H.  Forbes,  Tucson. 

Arkansas  :     Do  not  know  of  any  cherry  orchards  in  the  State. 

H.  T.  Bradford,  Little  Rock. 

Arkansas  :      i  : — Limited,    but   are    increasing  since    they  have  been  found  to  do  well. 
2 ; — Sour. 

Ernest  Walker,  Agricultural  Experiment  Station. 
California  :      i  : — To  a  large  extent. 
2:— Both. 
3: — Sweet.  Experiment  Station. 


Special  Report 


Colorado, 
Delaware  : 


Delaware  : 


Georgia 


Idaho :      i 
Iowa :      I 

2 

3- 
Iowa :      I  : 

2  ; 
3- 

Illinois  : 
Indiana  : 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 
Georgia  : 


Denver. 

I  : — Extensi\^ely  for  family  use  ;    limited  number  grown  commercially. 

Chas.  Wright,  Seaford. 

1  : — Only  a  few  grown. 

2  : — Sour  cherries  do   best,    except  perhaps    in   northern  part,  where  the 

sweet  varieties  do  well. 

3  : — Sour.  C.  P.  Close,  Newark. 

1  : — Not  commercially.     Local  markets  throughout   Middle  and  Northwest 

supplied  with  a  limited  quantity,  especially  in  mountain  regions,  where 
almost  all  kinds  do  fairly  well.     Extensively  for  home  use. 

2  : — Except  in    northwest  and   mountains  of    north    and    northeast  sweet 

cherries  do  not  succeed, 
j: — Morellos.  H.  N.  Starnes,  Experiment. 

: — In  some  parts  of  the  State,  for  shipment. 

A.  H.  HiTT,  Weiser. 

: — Sour  varieties  succeed  well  knd  are  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  State  except 
extreme  North.  Sweet  varieties  are  grown  in  a  limited  way  in  Southern 
and  Eastern  sections  of  the  State. 

: — Sour  varieties  succeed  well. 

:-  Sour.  E.  E.  Little,  Ames. 

: — 791,327  trees  reported  in  1900. 

: — Sweet  sorts  tender.     Sour  types  succeed. 

: — Sour. 


A.  T.  Erwin,  Ames. 


J.  C.  Blair,  Urbana. 


Maryland 


1  : — Limited.     Few  commercial  orchards. 

2  : — Sour  only. 

1  : — Quite  limited. 

2  : — Sour. 

3: — Sour.  J.  Troop,  Lafayette. 

1  : — For  the  most  part  only  for  home  use  and  local  markets. 

2  : — Sour  cherries  more  generally  and  more  successfully  grown. 

3  : — Sour. 

C.  W.  Mathews,  Lexington. 

I  : — Not  commercially.     A  few  sour  varieties  in  the  North. 

F.  H.  Burnette,  Baton  Rouge. 
2  : — Not  commercially.    Mountain  districts  in  northern  part  of   state  would 
undoubtedly  be  suitable  for  a  number  of  varieties,  but  the  industry  is 
not  developed.     Probably  about  50,000  bearing  cherry  trees  of  stand- 
ard varieties  in  the  State. 

WiLMON   Newell,  Atlanta. 

1  : — Not    largely    grown  commercially  ;    quite    generally   planted  in  home 

orchards. 

2  : — Sour  ;   sweet  cherries  uncertain. 

3: — Sour.  Albert  Dickens,   Manhattan. 

1  : — Not  as  a  commercial  crop. 

2  : — Both  grow  and  fruit  well. 

3: — Sour.  W.  N.  Hutt,  Agricultural  College. 

I  : — Practically  the  only  sections  of  the  state  where  cherries  are  grown  are 
in  the  Bitterroot,  Flathead,  and  Yellowstone  valleys.  Russian  varie- 
ties succeed  fairly  well  in  the  higher  and  colder  altitudes. 


42 


American  Pomological  Society 


2  : — In  certain  sections,  sweet  cherries.       Sour  varieties  are  on  the   whole 

more  successful. 

3  : — Sour. 

R.  W.  Fisher,  Bozeman. 
Maryland  :     i  : — There  are  no  large  cherry  orchards  in  the  state,  cherries  being  mostly 
grown  on  the  farms. 

J.  G.  ScHONFARBER,  Baltimore. 
Michigan:     i: — 21 17  acres  of  cherries  in  this   State.       Cherry  growing   is  considered 
valuable  from  a  commercial  standpoint,  but  on  a  smaller  scale   than 
other  kinds  of  tree  fruits. 

2  : — Ten   acres  of   sour   to   one  of   sweet,  the  largest  acreage  being  in  the 

western  half  of  the  lower  Peninsula. 

3  : — Sour  kinds  are  considered  most  profitable,  being  hardier. 

T.  A.  Farrand,  South  Haven. 
Michigan :     i  : — Sour  cherries  are  grown  in  all  parts  of  the  lower  peninsula,    and  to 
some  extent  in  the  upper  peninsula  of  this  State.      Sweet   cherries 
are  grown  only  in  peach  regions,  for  most  part  on  the  west  shore. 

2  : — Both  in  the  regions  named  above,   sour  cherries  doing   pre-eminently 

well.     The  industry  is  threatened  by  robins  and  few  plantations  are 
now  being  put  out. 

3  : — In  parts  where  they  wil>  thrive,   sweet  cherries  are  most  profitable, 

though  competition   with   Pacific  Coast  cherries  is  always    to  the 
advantage  of  the  latter. 

U.  P.  Hedrick,  Agricultural  College. 

Massachusetts  :  i  : — Cherries  are  but  httle  grown  for  the  market  in  this  state.  A  great 
many  farmers  and  others  have  one  or  more  trees  and  most  of  the 
cherries  are  consumed  at  home. 

J.  Lewis  Ellsworth,  Boston. 

Massachusetts  :      i  : — Only  a  very  little  in  an  amateur  way.      Not  at  all   commercially. 

2  : — Only  sour. 

3  : — Sour.  F.  A.  Waugh,  Amherst. 
Maine  :     i  : — Very  slight  at  present,  except  for  home  use. 

2  : — Sour. 

3  : — Sweet  cherries  not  sufficiently  hardy  to  be  of  value  in  Maine. 

\V.  M.  MuNSON,  Orono. 
Missouri:      i  : — Confined    mainly  to    small    areas  for  home    use    and  local    markets. 
There  are  a  few  large  plantings,    however,   from  which   shipments 
are  made. 
2  : — Sour  cherries  succeed  admirably.  Sweet  cherries    do    not  succeed  well 

and  are  little  grown. 
3:— Sour.  J.  C.  Whitten,  Columbia. 

New  York  :      i  : — Sour  cherries  quite  heavily  in  Western   part.      Mazzards  to  a  small 
extent  all  over  the  State  except  Northern  part. 

2  : — Sour,     west ;    sweet  in   Hudson    River     valley    but    equally    along 

lakes  Ontario  and  Erie  in  peach  belts. 

3  : — Sour  always  have  a  ready  market  and  do  not  rot  as  readily  as  sweet. 

Canning  factories  consume  large  quantities.  One  dealer  in  western 
New  York  handled  100,000  pounds  last  year,  all  of  which  were 
canned.  J.  Craig,  Ithaca. 


Special  Report 


43 


New  Mexico  :      i  : — In  small  numbers,  and  usually  in  home  orchards. 

2  : — Both,  but  sour  best  suited  to  our  conditions. 

3  : — Sour.  Fabian  Garcia,  Mesilla  Park. 
North  Dakota :       i  : — Cherries  are  not  grown   to  speak   of  in   North    Dakota.     Occa- 

sionally  a  tree  of  the  sour  cherry  is   hardy,  but  bears  no  fruit, 
the  buds  winter  killing.  C.  B.  Waldron,   Fargo. 

New  Hampshire  :      i : — Only  here  and  there  a  few  trees.     Some  orchards  being  set. 
-Both  in  Southern  sections  ;  only  sour  in  Northern. 
-Sour  by  average  farmers  but  with  care  the  sweet  are    as  profit- 
able. F.  W.  Rane,   Durham. 
New  Jersey  :      i  : — Sixty-four  acres  in  orchards  of  an  acre  or  more.     As  a  rule,   the 
sour   cherries   exceed  the  sweet   in  orchards  of  this  sort.     The 
aggregate  of   sweet  cherries  grown   is  considerable,  but  they  are 
largely  the  result  of   a  number  of   trees  at  each  farm. 
3  : — Since  the  sour  cherries  are  the  only  varieties  grown  to  any  extent  as 
a  commercial  industry,  I  should  regard  them  as  the  more  profitable. 
E.  B.  VooRHEES,  New  Brunswick. 
Oregon:     i: — In   this   State    the    extent    of   the   culture  of    the    cherry   covers  1,200 
acres. 
2  : — Both.     Of  the  two,  the  sour  is  a  little  more  productive,  perhaps. 
3 : — The  amount  produced  and   sold  in  the    markets  in   1903  was  5,000,000 
pounds,  valued  at  ^180,000.00. 

George  Coote,  Corvallis. 
Oklahoma  :     i  : — Only  for  home  use. 

2: — The  sour  cherry  only  is  grown.     Plantings  of   the  sweet  cherry  have 
uniformly  failed. 

O.  M.  Morris.  Stillwater. 
Ohio  :      I  : — Cherry  growing  on  a  commercial  basis  is  being  taken  up  by  a  few  of  our  horti- 
culturists, principally  in  the    Northern  part  of  Ohio.     The  industry  on 
a  large  scale  is  yet  to  be  developed. 

2  :— Both. 

3  :— Sour. 

F.  H.  Ballou,  Wooster. 
Pennsylvania:     i  : — Only  for  home  use. 

2  : — Only  sour  cherries  succeed, principally  because  of  the  excessive  rot- 

ting of  the  sweets. 

3  : — Sour. 

G.  C.  Butz,  State  College. 

South  Dakota :  i  :— Cherries  are  raised  to  a  very  limited  extent  in  South  Dakota. 
The  largest  cherry  orchard  I  know  of  which  is  in  the  South- 
eastern comer  of  the  State  has  about  11 00  trees  mostly  of  the 
Early  Richmond  kind.  This  orchard  is  favourably  located  on 
the  Missouri  River  Bluffs.  The  limit  of  cherry  culture  may  be 
said  to  be  the  Southern  third  of  the  State.  In  the  Black  Hills 
in  sheltered  valleys  some  are  succeeding  with  cherries  under 
irrigation.  Two  main  troubles  in  cherry  culture  are  the  tender 
Mazzard  and  Mahaleb  stocks,  both  of  which  root  kill.  Some 
of  the  Russian  cherries  appear  hardy  in  tree,  but  the  flower 
buds  are  tender.  However,  one  of  the  Vladimir  race  is 
doing  better  in  this  respect.  The  sweet  cherries  are  entirely 
out  of  the  question  in    this  State.     For   home  use    the    sour 


44  American    Pomological    Society 

cherries  will  do  in  a  limited  way  in  the  Southern  part  of 
the  State  with  proper  attention  to  mulching  to  protect  the 
roots.  A  determined  effort  is  being  made  by  the  .South  Dakota 
Experiment  Station  to  supply  this  demand  for  a  hardy  cherry 
by  breeding  experiments. 

N.  E.  Hansen,  Brookings. 

Texas  :      i  : — Not  grown,  except  a  few  trees  here  and  there. 

E.  J.  Kyle,  Austin. 

Tennessee :  i  : — Cannot  be  considered  among  the  commercial  fruit  crops.  The 
largest  cherry  orchard  that  I  know  of  in  the  State  is  owned  by 
Mr.  Horace  Rainy,  of  Columbia,  and  is  about  sixteen  acres  in 
extent.  It  is  devoted  entirely  to  sour  cherries  and  the  product 
finds  a  profitable  sale  in  local  and  adjacent  markets.  Very  many 
of  the  fruit  growers  include  a  few  hundred  trees,  but  the  crop  is 
disposed  of  in  local  markets  entirely.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
learn  of  the  success  of  sweet  cherries  except  in  a  limited  way. 
Charles  A.  Keffer,  Knoxville. 

Vermont :      i  : — Very   limited  extent,  not   sufficient   to  supply  ten  per   cent    of   local 
consumption  in  larger  cities. 

2  : — Sour  fairly  well ;    sweet,  not  at  all. 

3  : — Sour.  William  Stuart,  Burlington. 
Wisconsin  :     We  grow  only  two  kinds  of  cherries,  namely.  Early   Richmond  and  Eng- 
lish Morello.    We  do  not  grow  any  sweet  cherries  at  all.     Practically  no 
commercial    cherry  growing  in  the  State.     What   few  are  grown  are 
eaten  by  the  birds  before  they  are  ripe. 

E.  P.  Sandsten,  Madison. 
West  Virginia  :      i  : — Not  very  extensively.     In    some    three    or  four   sections  of  the 
state  extensive  orchards  are  now  being  planted. 

2  : — Both  reasonably  well ;   the  sour  in  the   regions  bordering  on  the 

Ohio  River  and  Northern  part  of  the  State,  while  the  sweet  seem 
to  thrive  better  on  the  higher  grounds  in  the  Southeastern  por- 
tion of  the  State,  especially  in  Greenbrier  and  Munroe  counties. 

3  : — Local  markets  demand  both  sour  and  sweet  cherries.     The  sour 

have  been  making  more  money  for  the  grower  than  the  sweet, 
although  the  sweet  are  coming  into  favour  rapidly  within  the 
last  few  years.  T.  C.  Johnson,  Morgantown. 

Canada 

British  Columbia:      i  : — Cherries  of  a  very  Superior  quality  are  grown  commercially  in 
every  part  of  the  province. 
2  : — Both  sour  and  sweet  succeed.     Both  in  most  parts  ;   only  the 

former  in  a  few  of  the  higher  altitudes. 
3  : — Cherries  that  carry  well  are  profitable,  whether  sour  or  sweet. 
Very  late  sour  varieties  are  certainly  profitable,  perhaps  even 
more  so  than  the   best  sweet  cherries  when  the  markets  are 
well  stocked. 

R.  Anderson,  Victoria. 
Manitoba  and  Northwestern  territories  : — The  cultivated  cherries  do  not  succeed.    Sand 

Cherries  do  well.  W.  T.  M. 


Special  Report  45 

New  Brunswick  :     i  : — To  a  limited  extent. 

2  : — Sour. 

3  : — Sour. 

W.  T.  M. 
Nova  Scotia  :      i: — To  a  limited  extent  only.     Nearly  everyone  has  a  few  trees.     Gen- 
eral market  limited. 

2  : — Generally  speaking,   the  sour  cherries  only,  although  the  sweet  are 

grown  successfully  to  some  extent  in  the  Annapolis  and  Comwal- 
is  Valleys. 

3  : — Sour.  W.  S.  Blair,  Nappan. 
Ontario  :      i  : — Not  very  extensively  for  market. 

2  : — Both  succeed.     The  sweet  are,  however,  limited  to  the  more  Southern 

parts  of  the  province,  and  the  sour  to  the  South  of  Latitude  46°. 

3  : — Sour. 

W.  T.  M. 
Prince  Edward  Island:      i  : — Only  in  a   limited  way  for  market,  but  sour  cherries  are 
abundant  on  the  Island. 

2  : — Sour. 

3  : — Sour. 

W.  T.  M. 
Quebec  :      i  : — Very  limited  for  market,  but  grown  more  extensively  for  home  use. 

2: — Sour.     Succeed  best  near  large  bodies  of  water  and  especially  along  the 

St.   Lawrence  River. 
3  :— Sour. 

W.  T.  M. 


46 


American    Pomological    Society 


LIST  OF  CHERRIES  RECOMMENDED    FOR  CULTIVATION  IN 

THE   VARIOUS    SECTIONS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

AND    THE     BRITISH      PROVINCES    BY    THE 

AMERICAN    POMOLOGICAL    SOCIETY 


(Extract  from   Bulletin 


,  Div.  OF  Pomology  U.S.  Department  of 
Agriculture) 

Subsection  i.— HEARTS  AND  BIGARREAUS. 
[Key. — Size,  scale,  i  to  lo ;  i,  very  small  ;  lo,  very  large.  Form  :  c,  compressed  ;  h,  heart  shaped  ;  o, 
oblate  ;  r,  round.  Color  :  a,  amber  ;  b,  black  ;  p,  purple  ;  r,  red  ;  y,  yellow.  Quality  :  scale,  i  to  lo  ;  i, 
very  poor  ;  lo,  best.  Season:  e,  e^rly  ;  m,  medium;  1,  late  ;  v,  very.  Use:  d,  dessert;  k,  kitchen  ;  m, 
market.  Abbreviations  of  names  of  places  of  origin:  Am.,  America  ;  Eng.,  England  ;  Eur.,  Europe;  Fr., 
France  ;  Ger.,  Germany;  Ont.,  Ontario  ;  Rus.,  Russia.] 


Description. 

Districts 

an 

i  starring. 

Name. 

1 

3 

>> 

1 

a 

1 

i 

^ 

0 

, 

^ 

3 

' 

s 

6 

7 

8 

9 

"i 
'i 

II 

'" 

:; 

12 

_ 

'3 

14 

;; 

■■ 

IS 

:: 
:: 

** 

** 

16 

** 

■* 

** 
** 

17 

Z 

** 

18 

** 

** 

19 

Bing 

7-8 
6-7 

'T 
F 

8-9 
g-io 
8-9 
g-io 
8-9 
9-10 

u 
ti 

9-IO 
9-.0 

7-8 

is' 

r 

rh 
oh 
rh 

h 

h 

rh 
oh 

h 

rh 
oh 

h 
oh 

oh" 
oh 

h 

h 
rh 

b 

b 
yr 

yr 

r 
b 

"^ 

yr 

^b 
^b 

rb 

yr 

b 

ra 

^b^ 

yr 
yr 

8 

8-9 
6-7 
6-7 
7-8 

8-9 

7"! 
5-6 

5-6 

'8-9 
9-IO 
9-10 
7-8 
7-8 

1 
ve 

e 
m 

ve 

1 

Im 

e 
ml 

m 
m 

vl 
m 

T 

dm 
dm 
dm 

d 
dm 
dm 

d 

dm 
dm 
dm 

d 

dm 
dm 

d 
m 
dm 
dm 
dm 

d 

dm 
dm 
dm 

Oreg.. 
Eur.?. 
Cal... 
Conn. 
Mass . 
Eng.. 

* 
«* 

** 

ii 

• 

* 

* 

* 
* 

Black  Heart 

Centennial 

* 

Coe,  Trans/iarent 

Eagle,  Black 

Early  purple  Guigne 

Elkhorn 

Eng.. 
Oreg.. 
Eng.. 
Orei. 
Oreg.. 
Eur... 
Eur... 

Oreg.'. 
Ohio. . 
Eur... 
Rus  , . 
Ont... 
Ohio.. 

m 

Hoskins 

1" 

=1- 

Lewelling 

Mezel 

Napoleon  {Royal  A  nn). . . 

■* 

Republican,  Black 

Spanish,  Yellow 

* 

Windsor 

Wood,   Governor  

Subsection  2.-DUKE  AND  MORELLO  CHERRIES. 


Amarelle  Hative 

Archduke 

Bessarabian 

Brusseler  Braune 

Carnation 

Choisy,  Bellede 

Dyehouse 

Eugenie,  Empress 

Hortense,  Reine 

Large   Montmorency 

Late   Duke 

Late  Kentish 

Lutovka 

Magnifique,  Belle 

May   Duke 

Montmorency  Ordinaire. . . 
Morello,  English  ( ^Vragg) 

Northwest 

Olivet 

Ostheim 

Philippe,  Louis. . . . 
Plumstone  Moj  ello. 

Richmond 

Royal  Duke 

Shadow  Amarelle.. 
Suda  Hardy 


6-7 

9 
8-9 
6-7 

7-8 
6-7 
7-8 
6-7 

8-9 

S-& 
6-7 

ro 

r 

rh 
ro 
oh 

r 
rh 

rh 

r 

e 

r 
rh 

r 
rh 

r 

c 

7-8'    e 
7-8   em 

Si    1 
8-9:    1 
4-5 1  em 

5-6   ve 
b-9;   e 
7-81  ml 
7-8' em 
6-7I    1 
4-51  Im 

st" 

8-9:    e 
7-8  em 
5-61    1 
5-6     e 
6-7     e 
6-7    m 
5-6     e 

d" 

5-6     el 

r-8|S 

m 
dk 
k 

I; 

d 

k 

d 
dm 
km 

k 

k 

k 

k 
dk 

dkm 

k 

k 
km 

k 

m 

Eur  .. 
Eur.. 
Rus.. 
Eur  .. 
Eur  .. 

&•■: 

Fr.... 
Fr. . . . 
Eng   . 
Am.?.. 
Rus.. 

Fr.... 
Am... 
Eur  . . 
Fr.... 
Eur  .. 
Mo... 

** 
** 

*« 

** 
** 
** 

] 

:: 
** 

- 
** 

•• 
* 

** 

■* 

t 

t 

kit 

** 
t 
* 

't 

* 

* 
* 

't 
#* 

■* 
't 

•• 

** 
** 

** 
** 

** 

:: 
't 

* 
* 

** 
"t 

" 

'■' 

**  ** 
*  ** 

** 

* 

•• 
ii 

** 

i* 

't 

** 

"* 

Special    Report  47 


CHERRIES    AT    THE    LOUISIANA    PURCHASE    EXPOSITION, 
ST.  LOUIS,   1904 

As  the  Cherry  Committee  was  not  organized  until  after  the  cherry 
season,  it  was  not  possible  for  the  members  of  the  Committee  to  examine 
the  fruit  on  exhibition  at  St.  Louis,  but  Prof.  L.  R.  Taft,  Chairman,  Hor- 
ticultural Department,  Jury,  was  asked  to  furnish  some  information  regard- 
ing the  cherries  exhibited  at  St.  Louis,  and  he  kindly  consented  to  do  so. 
Following  is  a  copy  of  a  letter  received  from  Prof.  Taft  : 

"  While  the  records  and  entry  cards  show  the  varieties  and  quantities  of 
cherries  exhibited, together  with  the  names  and  addresses  of  the  exhibitors, 
I  doubt  if  you  would  be  able  to  get  much  from  the  records  that  would  be 
of  value  to  you.  The  quantity  of  sweet  cherries  exhibited  was  very  small- 
Those  from  Oregon  were  best  in  every  way.  A  number  of  large  shipments 
were  made  and  the  fruit  was  of  extra  large  size  and  came  through  in 
excellent  condition.  Several  large  exhibits  were  also  made  from  Michigan; 
the  best  being  from  Paul  Rose,  of  South  Frankfort.  The  South  Haven 
Sub-station  made  several  shipments,  and  other  exhibits  came  from  Benton 
Harbor.  Several  fine  boxes  were  also  received  from  the  Sacramento  Val- 
ley, California.  Napoleon  and  Black  Tartarian  were  the  leading  varieties, 
although  there  were  a  number  of  fine  shipments  of  Bing  and  Black 
Republican  from  Oregon. 

For  the  most  part,  the  sour  cherries  were  of  three  varieties  : — Rich- 
mond, Montmorency,  and  English  Morello.  Among  the  other  varieties 
exhibited  were  : — Wragg,  Magnifique,  Montreuil,  Olivet  and  Dyehouse. 
The  largest  exhibits  of  sour  cherries  came  from  Missouri,  Kansas,  Colo- 
rado, Nebraska,  Iowa,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  Michigan,  and  New 
York. 

From  the  fact  that  an  exhibitor  could  have  but  one  award,  and  that 
most  of  them  showed  several  kinds  of  fruit,  it  would  not  be  possible  to 
give  the  names  of  those  who  received  medals.  I  could  furnish  you  with  a 
list  of  the  names  of  those  who  received  medals  upon  cherries,  but  where  a 
man  exhibited  four  or  five  kinds  of  fruit,  the  award  was  made  for  '  an 
exhibit  of  fruit,'  so  that  any  list  of  awards  upon  cherries  would  be  mis- 
leading. To  tell  everything  about  it,  it  would  be  necessary  to  examine  the 
12,000  entries. 

Trusting  that  this  will  aid  you,  I  am, 

Yours  very  truly, 

L.  R.  Taft." 


48 


American    Pomological    Society 


CHERRY  STATISTICS  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 
Extracts  from  the  Twelfth  Census  of  the  United  States,  1900 

The  cherry  ranks  third  in  importance  among  drupaceous  fruits.  Cul- 
tivated cherries  are  of  two  classes  :  Morellos,  the  semi-hardy  fruit  grown 
throughout  the  temperate  zone  and  Bigarreaus,  or  Hearts — the  sweet  cher- 
ries, successful  in  restricted  localities  only. 

Table  below  shows  the  number  of  trees  and  bushels  of  cherries  reported 
for  the  10  states  in  which  that  fruit  was  grown  in  greatest  abundance  in  1900 
and  1890. 

Number  of  Cherry   Trees  and    Bushels   of    Fruit    Produced,  1890  and  1900, 
IN  10  Specified  States,  with  per  cent  of  I^CREASE 


STATES. 

TREES. 

BUSHELS.' 

PER    CENT 
INCREASE. 

1900 

1890 

1900 

X89O 

Trees. 

Bushels. 

The  United  States. 

11,943,287 

5.638.759 

2,873,499 

1,476,719 

III. 8 

94.6 

Kansas 

Pennsylvania 

Indiana    .... 

1,109,673 
956,273 
896,641 
895.375 
791.327 
727,973 
697,270 
686,891 
679,985 
607,017 

1,087,890 
465.867 
617,168 
447.334 

288',  836 
368.311 
236,945 
381,185 
175.944 

60,511 

474,940 
228,485 
194.541 
118.743 
204,279 
192,954 
318,960 
62,708 
54.047 

101,060 
60,571 
199.939 
150,526 
49.334 
86,254 
117,330 
154.063 
88,444 
18,004 

2.0 
105.3 
45.3 
100.2 

297-5 
152.0 

893 
189  9 

78.4 
245  0 

=■40.1 
684.1 

14.3 
29.2 
140  7 

t:l 

107.0 
'29.1 
200.2 

Michigan              .... 

Iowa 

Illinois ....          .... 

Ohio           

California 

Missouri           

Nebraska 

For  years  1899  and  i88g. 


■  Per  ceut  of  decrease. 


All  but  13  states  show  a  gain  in  production,  the  lo  showing  largest 
gains  all  lying  north  of  the  thirty-seventh  parallel. 

The  earliest  plantings  of  cherries  were  in  the  region  from  Delaware  to 
Tennessee,  but  probably  the  most  extensive  plantings  at  the  present  time 
are  in  a  region  of  which  St.  Louis  is  the  geographic  center,  and  within  a 
radius  of  about  400  miles.  A  decided  increase  is  shown  in  the  number  of 
trees  reported  throughout  the  United  States. 

Table  xvii  gives  the  average  number  of  cherry  trees  and  of  bushels 
of  fruit  per  farm  reporting.  The  District  of  Columbia,  Colorado,  and 
California,  each  reported  a  very  large  number  of  trees  per  farm.  Colorado 
and  California  are  the  only  states  that  are  extensively  engaged  in  growing 
cherries  in  commercial  quantities. 


Special    Report 


49 


Table  XVII.— Average  Number  of  Cherry  Trees  per  Farm  Reporting,  June  i, 
1900,    AND  Bushels  of  Fruit  Produced  in  1899,   by  States  and  Territories 


STATES     AND     TERRITORIES. 


The  United  States. 
North  Atlantic  division. 


Maine 

New  Hampshire. 

Vermont 

Massachusetts.  . 
Rhode  Island . . . 

Connecticut 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania . . . . 


10.6 


South  Atlantic  division . 

Delaware    

Maryland 

District  of  Columbia. 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 


Florida . 


North  Central  division. 


Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin .... 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

North  Dakota. 
South  Dakota. 

Nebraska 

Kansas 


South    Central  division , 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Oklahoma     

Indian  Territory 

Arkansas 

Western  division 


Montana . .  . . 
Wyoming .  . 
Colorado  . . . . 
New  Mexico. 

Arizona 

Utah 

Nevada 

Idaho , 

Washington. 

Oregon 

California . .  . 


5-7 
4.2 
7.0 
4.6 
5-1 
5-3 
"3 
12.3 
10.8 

9  7 


17-4 

8.0 

64.6 

10. 1 

13-3 
8.2 

7-9 
7-7 
15.6 


lo.o 
9.2 
10.2 
13.8 
11.2 
9.9 


8  5 
8.9 

31.0 


255 
11.7 
66.9 
17  o 

7-9 
20  I 

9-5 
15-6 
15  9 
17.8 
80.9 


2.9 


51 
o  8 
0.7 

05 
1.6 

3-1 

3-2 
4-5 
[1. 4 
5-4 

3-7 


9-7 
6.9 

I5-S 
71 

U 

0-5 
0.4 
1.0 


2.7 
2.4 
2.8 
2.9 
1.2 
0-5 
1-9 
0.9 
0.9 
0.7 
1-7 
1. 1 


10.3 


C) 


4.9 

IS 
3  o 
05 
3-8 
3-9 
4.9 
37-8 


Less  than  i  bushel. 


so 


American    Pomological   Society 


CHERRY  STATISTICS  FOR  CANADA 


(Extract  from  the  Fourth  Census  of  Canada,  1901) 


Bearing 
trees. 

Non-bearing 
trees. 

Bushels 
of  fruit. 

British  Columbia 

17,322 
13,331 

446,556 

317,762 

48,917 

10,890 

237,792 
76,328 
21.514 

14,439 
4,233 

16,669 
132,117 
150,690 

17,838 

Ontario 

Quebec 

Prince  Edward  Island .    . 

BIBLIOGRAPHY 


Compiled   Mainly  from  Experiment  Station   Record  Vol.  I.  No.  i, 
1889,— Vol.  XVI,  No.  3,  1904 


CHERRIES 

Cherries  : 

Acids  in  : — (W.  Keim,  Zeitsch.  f.  analyt.  Cham.,  33). 
Almond  grafted  on  : — (L.  Daniel,  Rev.  Gen.    Bet.,  6,    1894,    No.   61) 
Analyses  : — (W.  Keim,  Zeitsch.  f.-  Chem.  13)  ;   (W.  O.  Atwater  and  C.  D 
Woods,  Conn.  Storrs  Sta.  Rpt.,  189 1)  ;   (G.  E.  Colby,  California  Sta 
Rpt.,  1895)  ;  (A.  Girard.  Bui.,  Min.  Agr.  France,  17,  1898,  No.  7) 
(G.  W.  Shaw,  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  55);    (A.  D.  Selby,  Ohio  State  Hort 
Soc.  Rpt.,  1898);     (A.  D.    Selby  and  J.    W.    Ames,    Ohio   Sta.    Bui 
127);  (A.  Ystgaard,  Tidsskr.     Norske  Landbr.,  9,  1902). 
of    Juices  : — (  Beitrage    zur   Kenntniss    der  chemischen  Zusammen 
setzung  reiner  Fruchtsafte,    H.    Kiremla. — Ztschr.   Nahr.  Untersuch 
und  Hyg.,    7,    1893  ;    Abs.  in  Chem.    Ztg.,    17,    1893    Report);   H, 
Kremla,  Ztschr.  Nahr.  Hyg.  Waar.,  7.;  abs.    Chem.    Centbl.,    1894 
I.,  No.   24). 
And  plums,  botany: — (C.  E.  Bessey,  Rpt.,  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.  26,  1895) 
As  affected  by  unusual  cold  : — (F.  S.  Earle,  Alabama  Coll. Sta.  Bui.  106) 
Ash  Constituents  : — (W.  Keim,  Zeitsch.  f.  analyt.  Chem.,    13). 
Barbados,  notes  : — (Roy.  Bot.  Gard.  Trinidad,   Misc.  Bui.  23);   (L.  C. 
Washburn,  Florida  Sta.  Bui.   24). 
Bird,  ash  content  of  leaves  of  : — (Grandeau  and  Flicke  Ann.  Chim.  et 

Phys.,  5,  ser.  8,    1876). 
Black, Composition  of  Juice: — (H.  Kiremla,Beitrage  Zur  Kenntniss  der 
chemischen  Zusam — mensetzung  reiner  Fruchtsafte.     Ztschr.  Nahr. 
Untersuch.  und  Hyg.,    7,    1893  ;  abs.   in   Chem.   Ztg.,   17,  1893'' 
Notes,  (S.  B.  Green,  Minn.  Sta.   Bui.  24,  1892);  V.  K.   Chestnut, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Bot.  Bui.   20). 
Blooming  dates  of  : — (W.Greene, Iowa  Hort. Soc.  Rpt.,  1900)  ;  (J.  W. 
Smith,  Jour.   Columbus   Hort.    Soc,    18,    1903,    No.    4);     (F.   W. 
Card,  A.  E.  Stene,  Rhode  Island  Star  Rpt.,  1903)  ;   (J.  Craig,  Can. 
Expl.  Farms  Rpt.,  1895). 
Blossoming  period  as  affected  by  climate  : — (J.W.  Smith,  Jour. Colum- 
bus Hort.  Soc,  18,  1903,  No.  4). 
Bud  development : — (W.  R.  Lazenby,  Jour.  Columbus  Hort.  Soc,  14, 

1899,  No.  3). 
Budding  native  stocks  : — (J. Craig, Can. Expl.  Farms  Rpt.,  1893, 1899^ 
Brandied  : — (A.  W,  Tourgee,U.S.  Dept.  Com. and  Labor  Mo., Consu- 
lar Rpts.  75,  1904,   No.  284). 
California,  analyses: — (G.  E.  Colby,  Cal.  Sta.  Rpt.,  1895). 
Catalogue  of  cherries  growing  at  Agr.   Exp.    Sta.,     Ames   Iowa  : — 
(Iowa  Sta.  Spec  Bui.  Feb.,  1903). 


52  American    Pomological    Society 

Catalogue  of  cherries  tested  at  Agassiz,  B.  C: — (Can.  Exp.  Farms,  Bui. 
No.  3,  Second  Series,    1900). 

Chemical  composition  of  one  year  old  wood  according  to  the  four  cardi- 
nal points  : — (R.  Otto,  Gartenflora,  50,  190 1,  No.  7). 

Classification  :—(L.  H.  Bailey  and  G.  H.  Powell,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Sta. 
Bui.  98);  (L.  H.  Bailey,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  No.  38,  1892); 
(L.  H.  Bailey  and  G.  H.  Powell,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Sta.  Rpt.,  1895, 
rprnt.  Bui.  98). 

Cleaning  before  eating : — (B.   E.   Erlich,  Arch.  Hyg.,  41,  1901,  No.  2). 

Climatic  limits  :— (J.  B.  Reynolds,  Ont.  Agr.  Coll.  &  Expl.  Farms.  Rpt., 

Compass,  self  sterility  of  : — (R.  S.  Mackintosh,  Amer.  Gard.,  22,  1901, 

No.  340). 
Composition  of  juice  : — (Truchonand  Martin-Claude,  Am. Chem.  Analyt, 

6,  1901  '. 
Composition  of  wood  : — (R.  Otto,  Gartenflora,  50,  1901,  No.  7). 
Crossing  experiments  : — (Wm.    Saunders,   Canada  Expl.  Farms.  Rpts., 
1897)  ;    (H.  C.  Price,  Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc,  37,  1902)  ;   (F.  W. 
Card  and  G.  E.  Adams,  Rhode  Island,  Rpt.,  1899). 
Crude  petroleum  on  : — (V.  H.  Lowe  and  P.  J.  Parrott,  N.  Y.  Sta.  Bui. 

202). 
Culture  :— (J.  L.  Budd,  Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc.,1893);    (G.  H.  Powell, 
Delaware  Sta.  Rpt.,  1897,  rprnt.  Bui.  35'. 
and  marketing: — (W.  F.  Massey,  N.  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  184). 
handbook  :  —  ( E.  Bartram,  London  and  New  York,  John  Lane,  1903). 
non  success  of  at  Southern  Coast  Range   Substation  : — (C.  H.  Shinn, 

Cal.  Sta.  Bui.  141). 
in  California  :—(B.  M.  Lelong,   Cal.  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.,  1893  and 

1894). 
in  Iowa  : — (H.  C.  Price  and  E.  E.  Little,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui    73). 
in  Kansas  : — (W.  H.  Barnes,  Ka-sas  State  Hort.  Soc,  1900). 
New  York:— (L.  H.   Bailey  and  G.  H.    Powell,   N.    Y.,  Cornell  Sta. 

Rpt.  1895,  rprnt.  Bui.  98)  ;   (Bui.   99). 
South  Dakota:— (N.  E.  Hansen,  S.  Dak.  Sta.  Bui.  81). 
West  Indies  : — (Agr.  News,  Barbados,  3,  1904,  No.  48). 
in  pots  : — (S.  M.  Emery    Montana  Sta.  Bui.  24). 
Diseases  and  Insects  : 

Disease  of : — (M.  C.   Cooke,  Jour.  Roy.  Hort.   Soc,    26,   1901,  No. 

2-3). 

Aphis,  notes: — (J.  B.  Smith,  New  Jersey  Sta.  Bui.  72,  1890  ;  M.  H. 
Beckwith,  Delaware  Sta.  Rpt.,  1891  ;  H.  Osborn,  Trans.  Iowa 
Hort.  Soc,  27,  1892  ;  W.  C.  Sturgis,  Connecticut  State  Sta.  Rpt. 
1894  ;  C.  P.  Gillette,  Colorado  Sta.  Rpt.,  1897  ;  W.  B.  Barrow  and 
R.  H.  Pettit,  Michigan  Sta.  Eul.  160  ;  H.  Garman,  Kentucky  Sta. 
Bui.  80  ;  V.  H.  Carpenter,  reprnt.  from  Rpt.  Council  Roy.  Dublin 
Soc.  1898  ;  J.  Fletcher,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1897,  1898, 
1902,  1903  ;  N.  Banks,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.,  Bui.  34,  n. 
ser  ;  W.  Lochead,  Rpt.  Ont.  Ent.  Soc,  1901  ;  California  Bd.  Hort. 
Rpt.,  1901-2.     (W.  G.  Johnson,   Maryland  Sta.    Bui.  48). 

Beetle,  red  : — (G.  C.  Davis,  Michigan  Sta.  Rpt.,  1896). 

Black  knot,  notes  : — (F.  L.  Scribner,  Tennessee  Sta.  Bui.  Vol  IV.  No. 
I,  1891);   B.  D.  Halsted,   New   Jersey  Sta.  Annual   Rpt,,    1890; 


Special  Report  53 

New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  35,  new  ser.,  i8gi  ;  L.  H.  Pammel, 
Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc,  1893  ;  J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Bui. 
23  ;  A.  D.  Selby,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  79  ;  H.  H.  Lamson,  New  Hamp- 
shire Sta.  Bui.  48  ;  C.  S.  Crandall,  Colorado  Sta.  Bui.  50  ;  VV.  A. 
Riley,  Bui.  Torrey  Bot.  Club,  27,  1900  ;  G.  E.  Stone,  Massachu- 
.setts  State  Bd.  Agr.  Leaflet  No.  3  ;  F.  C.  Stewart,  F.  M.  Rolfs,  F. 
H.  Hall,  New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  191  ;  W.  B.  Alwood,  Rpt. 
State  Ent.,  Virginia,  1901. 

treatment  : — (G.   W.   Churchill,  New  York  State  Sta.  Ann.  Rpt., 
1890.     E.    G.    Lodeman,  New  York  Cornell  Sta.  Rpt.,  1894, 
reprnt.  Bui.  81   of  Sta.). 
Blight,  notes  :— (T.  A.  Williams,  South  Dakota  Sta.  Bui.  35,  1893). 
Borer,  description  and  treatment  :  - 

Branches,  a  new  fungus  on  : — (F.  C.   Stewart,  F.    M.  Rolfs,   F.   H. 
Hall,  New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  191). 
Brandy,  examination: — (K.  ■Windisch,Arb.  Kais.Gesund.  Amt.,II,, 
abs.  in  Ztschr.  angew.  Chem.,  1895). 
Brown  leaf  spot,  notes  : — (  W.  B.  Alwood,  Virginia  Sta.  Bui.  24,  1893). 

rot,  notes  : — (W.  H.  Evans,  New  Jersey  Sta.  Bui.  91,  1892. 
Brown  rot,  spraying  to  prevent  : — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpt., 

1894). 
Bug,  notes  :~{W.  W.  Froggatt,  Agr.  Gaz.  N.  S.  W.,  8,  1897). 
Cladosporium  cerasi: — ( R.  Aderhold  Centbl.Bakt.U.  par.  2.abt.  7,1901). 
description  of: — (F.  A.  Waugh,  Plums  and  Plum  Culture,  1901). 
Cryptosporium  cerasinum  : — (F.  C.   Stewart,  F.  M.  Rolfs,  F.  H.  Hall, 

New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  191). 
Curculio,  remedies: — (A.  J.  Cook,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  38  1. 
Diseases  :  —  (W.  Carruthers,  Jour.  Roy.  Agr.  Soc.  Eng.,  62,  1901 ;. 

in  the  Hudson  Valley  :^(F.  C.  Stewart,  and  F.  G.  Blodgett,  New 

York  State  Sta.  Bui.  67). 
new  : — (L.  Pynaert,  Tijdschr.  Boomteelkunde,  1899). 
notes    on  : — (A.   L.    Quaintance,    Georgia    Sta.    Rpt.,  1900  ;  E. 
Marchal,  Bui.  Agr.  Brussels,  18,  1902,  No.  2). 
Enlargements  of  branches  : — (F.C.Stewart,   F.  M.  Rolfs,  F.  H.  Hall, 

New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  191). 
Fly,  development  of  : — (K.  Sajo,  Prometheus,  14,  1902,  No.  679). 

notes: — (K.  Sajo,  Prometheus,  12,  1901,  No.  614). 
Fruit   fly,  notes: — (M.  V.  Slingerland,  New  York,  Cornell  Sta.   Bui. 
172)  ;  (F.  H.  Chittenden,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.   of  Ent.  Bui.  44). 
setting,  a  study  of  the  conditions   affecting  : — (E.  S.  Goff,  Wis- 
consin Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 
Fungous    enemies  : — (F.  L.  Stevens,  North  Carolina,  Sta.  Bui.  186). 
Fusarium  disease: — (R.  Aderhold,  Centbl.  Bakt.  U.  Par.    2.  Abt.  7, 

1901). 
Gnomonia  erythrostoma:  —  ( F.  Corboz,  Chron.  Agr.  Canton  Vaud.  14, 

1901). 
Gummosis: — (A.  D.  Selby, Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  79);    (P.  Passey  Rev.  Hort., 
Paris,  1902,  No.  11)  ;    (F.  T.  Brzezinski,  Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci., 
Paris,  134,  1902,  No.  20). 
Gummosis  investigations  :     (F.  T.  Brzezinski,  Compt.  Rend.  Acad.  Sci. 

Paris,  134,  1902,  No.  20  . 
Hail  injury  :—  F.  C.  Stewart,  F.  M.  Rolfs,  F.  H.  Hall,  New  York  State 
Sta.  Bui.  191). 


54  American    Pomological   Society 

Hexenbesens,  notes  : — (F.  C.  Stewart,  Garden  &  Forest,  8,  1895  ; 
New  York  State  Sta.  Rpt,  1895  ;  A.  VV.  Borthwick,  Trans,  and 
Proc.  Bot.  Soc.  Edinburgh,  21,    1900). 

prevention  : — (K.  Von  Tubeuf,Prat.  Bl.  Pflanzenschutz,  1,1898). 
Hybrid,  notes  :— (L.  H.  Bailey,  New  York,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70). 
Insects  affecting  :—(C.  P.Gillette,  Colorado  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt., 

1901)  ;  (Sta.  Bui.  71). 
Insect  enemies  of  the  :— (C.  P.  Gillette,  Colorado  State  Bd.  Hort.  Rpt, 

1901  ;   F.  Sherman,  Jr.,  North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  1S6). 
Industry  in  Delaware  : — (G.  H.  Powell,  Delaware  Sta.  Bui.  35). 
Laurel,  mannite  and  sorbit  in  : — (C.  Vincent  and  Delachanal,  Compt. 

rend.,  114). 
Leaf  beetle,  notes  : — (W.  B.  Barrows  and  R.  H.  Pettit,  Michigan  Sta. 
Bui.  160  ;  R.  H.  Pettit,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  186  ;  F.  H.  Chittenden, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Ent.  Bui.  19,  n.  ser.). 
Leaf  blight  as  affected  by  sunlight,  notes  : — (B.  D.  Halsted,  Bui.  Tor- 
rey  Bot.  Club,  28,  1899  ;  D.  G.  Fairchild,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div. 
Veg.  Path.,  Bui.  6). 

treatment  : — (D.  G.  Fairchild,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Veg.  Path. 
Jour.  Mycology,  Vol.  VII.,  No.  3,  1893  ;  H.  H.  Lamson,  New 
Hampshire  Sta.   Bui.  19  ;   S.  A.  Beach,   New  York,  State  Sta. 
Rpt,  1893,  rprnt.  Bui.  72  ;   F.  C.  Stewart,  F.  M.  Rolfs,  F.  H. 
Hall,   New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.   191). 
Leaf  scorch,  notes  : — (F.  C.Stewart,   New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  162  ; 
F.  C.  Stewart,  F.  M.   Rolfs,  F.  H.  Hall,   New   York  State  Sta.  Bui. 
191  ;    J.    Percival,  Jour.   South-east  Agr.    Col.   Wye,   Eng.  1902, 
No.  2). 
Leaf  spot,  fungicides  for  : — (R.  Thaxter,  Connecticut  State  Sta.  Ann. 
Rpt.,  1890  ;   L.  H.  Pammel  &  G.  W.  Carver,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  30). 
Notes: — (G.  McCarthy,  North  Carolina  State  Bui.  92,  1893  ;  S.  A. 
Beech,  New  York  State  Sta.    Bui.  98  ;   H.  Garman,   Kentucky 
Sta.  Bui.  80  ;   Miiller-Thurgau,  Jahresber.  vers.  stat.  u.  Schule, 
Wadensweil,  1897-98  ;   Ohio  State  Bui.  143). 
treatment  :— (S.  A.  Beach,  New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  117;   F.  H. 
Hall,  New  York  State  Sta.   Bui.  117,  pop.  ed.;   S.  A.  Beach, 
New  York  State  Sta.  Rpt.,  1896). 
Micro-organisms  on  surface  of  cherries  : — (B,  E.  Ehrlich,Arch.  Hyg., 

41,  1901,   No.  2). 
Monilia  : — (Frank  and  Kriiger,  Gartenfiora,  46,  1897,  No.  15)  ;   (47, 
1898,  No.  4)  ;   (Ztschr.  landw.  Ver.  Hessen,  1897,  No.  31)  ;   (C.  A. 
Keffer,  South  Dakota  Sta.  Rpt.,  1890). 

rate  of  growth  : — (C.    A.    Keffer,  South    Dakota  Sta.    Bui.   29, 
1891). 
Monilia — like  disease  of  sour  : — (Aderhold,    Ztschr.,    Pfianzenkrank, 

1 1,  1901,  No.  2-3). 
Powdery   mildew  : — 

appendages: — (J.  G.  Sanders,  Jour.  Mycol.,  8,  1902,  No.  64). 
notes  :— (T.  A.  Williams,  South  Dakota  Sta.  Bui.  35,  1893  ;  G. 
McCarthy,  North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  92,  1893  ;  L.  H  Pammel, 
Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc,  1893;  A.  D.  Selby,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui. 
79;  C.  S.  Crandall,  Colorado  Sta.  Bui.  50;  Col.  Sta.  Rpt., 
1898  ;   L.  H.  Pammel,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  17,  1892). 


Special    Report  55 

Root  killed  at  Ottawa  :— (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpt.,  1896). 

Root  rot,  a  rhizomorphic  : — (E.  M.  Wilcox,  Oklahoma  Sta.  Bui.  49). 

Rot,  Gloeosporium  : — (A.  Osterwalder  Centbl.  Bakt.  u.  par.,  2.  Abt.,II, 
1903,  No.  6-7). 

Sawfly,  notes  : — (T.  A.  Williams,  South  Dakota  Sta.  Bui.  48  ;  E.  A. 
Ormerod,  Rpt.  Observations  Injur.  Insects,  Common  Farm  Pests, 
1896,  20th.  Rpt.  London). 

remedies  : — (Jour.  Bd.  Agr.,  London,  6,  1899,  No.  3). 

Scab,  notes  : — (L.  H.  Pammel,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  23  ;  L.  H.  Pammel, 
Trans.    Iowa   Hort.  Soc,  1893;  A.  D.  Selby,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  79). 

Scale  :— (W.  G.  Johnson,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  Ent.  Bui.  6  ;  J.  Flet- 
cher, Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1897  ;  N.  Banks,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 
Div.  Ent.  Bui.  34,  new  ser.). 

Selandria  atra  : — (R.  Newstead,  Jour.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc,  26,  1902). 

Shot-hole  blight  treatment  :— (J.  B.  Smith  and  B.  D.  Halsted,  N.  J.  Sta. 
Bui.  86). 

Shot-hole  disease,  notes  : — (A.  D.  Selby,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  79)  ;  (W.  Loc- 
head,  Ont.  Agr.  Coll.  Rpt.,  1902). 

Slug,  notes:— (C.  M.  Weed,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.  6,  sec.  ser.,  1889^;  (F.  H. 
Hillman,  Nevada  Sta.  Bui.  10,  1890);  (H.  Osborn,  Dept.  Agr., 
Div.  Ent.,  Bui.  23,  1891);  (J.  Fletcher,  Canada  Expl.  Farms,  Bui. 
II,  1891);  (F.  L.  Washburn,  Oregon  Sta.  Bui.  18,  1892)  ;  (A.J. 
Cook,  Michigan  Sta.  Rpts.,  1890  and  1891)  ;  (G.  Coote,  Oregon 
Sta.  Bui.  34);  (T.  W.  Kirk,  New  Zealand  Dept.  Agr.  Leaflet  No. 
i);  (C.  P.  Lounsbury,  Agr.  Jour.,  Cape  Colony,  9,  1896);  (C.  L. 
Marlatt,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Div.  Ent.  Cir.  26,  sec.  ser.);  (J.  Flet- 
cher, Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1893,  1896,  1900)  ;  (F.  H.  Hill- 
man,  Nevada  Sta.  Bui.  36)  ;  (A.  M.  Lea,  Agr.  Gaz.,  Tasmania,  7, 
1900)  ;  (T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  New  Mexico  Sta.  Bui.  35)  ;  (A.  M. 
Lea,  Pub.  Dept.  Agr.,  Tasmania,  1902);  (C.  P.  Gillette,  Colorado 
Sta.  Rpt.,  1902);  (Weed,  C.  M.,  Ohio  Agr.  Exp.  Sta.  Bui.  Vol.  II 
No.  6,  sec.  ser.,   1889). 

Spot  disease,  notes: — (L.  H.  Pammel,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  13,  i8gi)  ;  (T. 
A.  Williams,  South  Dakota  Sta.  Bui.  35,  1893)  ;  (L.  H.  Pammel 
Trans.  Iowa  Hort.  Soc,  1893). 

treatment  :  —  (L.  H.  Pammel,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  13,  1891)  ;   (Bui.  17, 
1892,  Bui.  20,  1893). 

Sweet,  injury  in  the  Rhine  provinces  : — (P.  Sorauer,  Naturw.  Wchn- 
schr.,  15,  1900,  No.  12). 

Tree  disease,  cause  and  prevention,  Valsa  hucostoma  : — (R.  A.  Ader- 
hold,  Arb.  K.  Gesundheitsamte.,  Biol.  Abt.  3,  1903,  No.  4). 

Tree  metabolism  :— (S.  Aoyama,  Imp.  Univ.  Col.  Agr.  Tokyo,  B.,  Vol. 
2,  No.  7). 

Tree  plant  louse,  notes  :— (F.  L.  Harvey,  Maine  Sta.  Rpt,  1888)  ;  (C. 
M.  Weed,  Ohio  Sta.  Bui.,  Vol.   I,    No.  2,  1890). 

Tree  scallop  shell  moth,  notes  : — (J.  H.  Comstock,  New  York,  Cornell 
Sta.  Bui.  23,  1890). 

Tree  tortrix,  notes  :— (J.  H.  Comstock,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  23, 
1890)  ;   (J.  B.  Smith,  Div.  Ent.  Vol.  V.,  No.  5,  1893). 

Webworm:— (T.  D.  A.  Cockerell,  New  Mexico  Sta.  Bui.  19). 

Winter  forms  of  Monilia  :— (Frank  and  Kruger,  Cartenflora,  47,  1898, 
No.  4). 


S6  American  Pomological    Society 

Witches'  broom:— (F.  C.  Stewart,  F.  M.  Rolfs,  F.H.  Hall,  New  York 

State  Sta.  Bui.  191). 
Dried,  glycerin  content  of  : — (A.  Schmid,  Jahresber.  Chem.  Untersuch. 

Lab.  Augsburg,  1901). 
Drying: — ( Wurttemberg.   Wchnbl,  Landw.,  1900,  No.  31);  (J.Udale, 

Jour.  Roy.  Hort.  Soc,  26,   1902). 
Duration  of  growth  period  in  trees  : — (F.  Cranefield,  Wisconsin  Sta.Rpt., 

1900). 
Dwarf  :—(C.  E.  Bessey,  Nebraska  Sta.  Bui.  18.);   (L.   H.   Bailey,  N. 

Y.,  Cornell  Sta.  Rpt.,  1894,  rprnt.  Bui.  70)  ;   (  S.  T.  Maynard,  J. 

H.  Putnam,  and  S.  W.  Fletcher,  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bui.  44). 
Fertilizer  experiments  : — (Barth-Colmar,  Cartenfiora,  48,  1899,  No.  5); 

(Dent.  Landw.  Presse,  29,  1902,  No.  29). 
Fertilizer  ingredients  removed  from  the  soil  by  : — (G.  E.  Colby,  Califor- 
nia Sta.  Rpt.,  1895). 
Fertilizer  tests  with  : — (A.  T.  Jordan,  New  Jersey  Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 
Flower  buds  as  affected  by  cold  : — (E.   S.    Goff,    Wisconsin    Sta.  Rpt., 

1897);   (Bui.  77). 
as    affected     by    late   spring   frosts  : — (H.    Miiller-Thurgan,    Ztschr. 

Pflanzenkrank,  10,  1900). 
hardiness  of  : — (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin  Sta.  Rpt.,  1899). 
Flower  development  : — (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin  Sta.   Rpt.,    1899,    1900), 
Flowering: — (Garden,  53,  1898,  No.  1367). 
Foliage,    injuries  by  arsenites  : — (C.   P.   Gillette,    Iowa   Sta.    Bui.     10, 

1890)  ;   (A.  J.  Cook,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  53,    1889). 

Forcing: — (Jour.  Hort.,  1895,  No.  2419);  (S.  M.  Emery,  Montana 
Sta.  Bui.  24). 

French  v.  American  : — (A.  W.  Tourge'e,  U.  S.  Dept.  Com.  and  Labor, 
Mo.,  Consular  Rpts.,  75,  1904,  No.  284). 

Frosts,  spring,  as  affected  by: — (H.  Miiller-Thurgan,  Ztschr  Pflanzen- 
krank, 10,  1900). 

Fruit  buds,  setting  of  fruit  : — (P.  Evans,  Missouri  Fruit  Sta.  Bui.  10). 

Fumigation  with  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  : — (V.  H.  Lowe  and  P.  J.  Par- 
rott,  N.  Y.  State  Sta.  Bui.  202). 

Fungicides  for  : — (S.  T.  Maynard,  Mass.  Hatch  Sta.  Bui.  13,  1891). 

Germination  of  pollen  : — (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin  Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 

Grafted  on  American  wild  black  cherry  : — (Amer.  Gard.   22,  1901,   No. 

324)- 

Grafting  :—(N.  E.  Hansen,  Neb.  Hort.  Soc.   Rpt.,  1895). 

Growing  in  high  altitudes  : — (W.  T.  Macoun,  W.  S.  Blair,  S.  A.  Bed- 
ford, A.  Mackay,  T.  A.  Sharpe,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1899). 

Gum,  organized  ferment  : — (F.  Garros,  Bui.  Soc.  Chim.  de  Paris,  7-8, 
1892,  ser.  3,  Nos.  15,  16). 

Hardy,  list  of  : — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1890,  1895; 
W.  T.  Macoun,  1899). 

Hardy  stocks  for  : — (E.  R.  Lake,  Oregon  Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 

Hybrid,  notes  : — Bailey,  N.  Y.  Cornell  Sta.,  Bui.  70. 

Indian,  notes: — (C.  E.  Bessey,  Neb.  Sta.  Bui.  18). 

Injury  in  winter  :  —  (F.  R.  Emerson,  Nebraska  Sta.   Bui.  79). 

Insecticides    for: — (S.  T.  Maynard,   Mass.    Hatch   Sta.   Bui.    No.    13, 

1891)  ;    (J.  B.  Smith,  New  Jersey  Sta.  Bui.    155). 

Irrigation  experiments: — (A.  T.  Jordan,  New  Jersey  Sta.  Rpt.,  1900. 
1902). 


Special  Report  57 

Japanese,  winter: — (Garden,  48,  1895,  No.  1255). 

Juice,     a   chemical    study   of  : — (Trouchon    and   Martin-Claude,   Ann. 
Chem.  Analyt,  1901  ;  Jour.  Pharm.  et  Chim.,  6  ser.,  1901). 
fermentation  of  : — (W.  Keini,  Zeitsch.  f.  analyt.  Chem.,    13). 

Mineral  residues  in  sprayed  : — (R.C.  Kedzie,  Mich.  Sta.  Bui.  loi), 

Montmorency,  the  : — (G.  H.  Powell,  Amer.  Gard.,  22,  1901,  No.  329). 

Morello,  as  a  bush  tree  : — (A.  M.  Garden,  48,  1895,  No.  1256). 

Mulching  to  retard  blossoming  : — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpt., 
i8g6). 

Notes:— (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin  Sta.  Rpt.,  1896);  (C.  H.  Shinn, Cali- 
fornia Sta.  Rpt.,  1895-1897)  ;  (W.  C.  Stubbs,  F.  H.  Burnette, 
and  E.  Watson,  Louisiana  Stas.  Bui.,  52,  2  ser.)  ;  (E.  S.  Goflf, 
Wisconsin  Sta.  Rpt.,  1897);  (F.  A,  Waugh,  Amer.  Gard.,  20, 
1899,  No.  220)  ;   (C.  H.  Shinn,  California  Sta.  Rpt.,  1898). 

Orchard  enemies  in  the  Pacific  North-west ; — (C.  V.  Piper,  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  153). 
notes  : — (C.  F.  Austen,  Alabama  Coll.  Sta.  Bui.  117). 

Orchards  of  Kent,  a  serious  disease  in  the  : — (W.  Carruthers,  Jour.  Roy. 
Hort.  Soc,  190 1 ). 

Peach,  grafted  on  : — (L.  Daniel,  Rev.  Gen.  Bot.  6.,  1894'!. 

Preparation  for  market: — (L.  H.  Bailey  and  G.  H.  Powell,  New  York, 
Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  98). 

Propagation: — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms,  Bui.  17);  (W.N.Barnes, 
Kansas  State  Hort.  Soc,  1900)  ;  (H.  C  Price,  and  E.  E.  Little, 
Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  73). 

Protection  from  birds  :— (H.  C.  Price  and  E.  E.  Little,  Iowa    Sta.    Bui. 

73)- 
Prune,  grafted  on  : — (L.  Daniel,  Rev.  Gen.  Bot.  6.,  1894). 
Red  : — composition  of  juice  :  — (Beitrage  zur  Kenntniss  der  chemischen 

Zusammensetzung   reiner  Fruchtsafte.       H.   Kiremla-Ztschr,    Nahr 

Untersuch.  und  Hyg.,  7,  1893  ;  abs.  in  Chem.  Ztg.,  17,  1893). 
notes  :— (R.  C.  Kedzie,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  loi). 
Wild  as  stock  for  cherries  : — (J.  L.  Budd,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.    10,    i8go). 
Retarding  blossoming  period  : — (W.  T.   Macoun,   Canada  Expl.   Farms 

Rpt.,  1899). 
Ripe  or  bitter  rot  : — (M.  A.  Cobb,  Agr.  Gaz.  N.  S.  W.,  14,  1903,  No. 

7)- 
Ripening:  —  (W.  Keim,  Zeitsch.  f.  analyt.  Chem.,    13). 
Rocky    Mountain    dwarf  : — (N.  E.Hansen,  Proc.    Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  Sci., 
1904). 
the  possibilities   of  the  Western  : — (N.  E.  Hansen,  Proc.  Soc.  Prom. 
Agr.  Sci.,  1904). 
Russian,  culture  in  the  Northwest  : — (H.  C.  Price,  Jour.  Columbus  Hort. 
Soc,  18,  1903,  No.  4). 
notes  :— (R.  C.  Kedzie,  Michigan   Sta.   Bui.    loi)  ;   (U.  P.  Hedrick, 

Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  123  ;   Rpt.,  1895). 
varieties: — (S.  B.  Green,  Minnesota  Sta.  R.  1888). 
Salicylic  acid  in  : — (F.  W.  Traphagen,  Montana  Sta.    Bui.  38). 
Salicylic  acid  : — non  existence  in  fruit  stalks  (H.  Mastbaum  Chem.  Ztg. 
27,  1903)- 


58  American  Pomological    Society 

Sand  :  —  (S.  B.  Green,  Minnesota  Sta.  Bui.  72). 

breeding  : — (N.  E.  Hansen,  Iowa  Hort.  Soc.  Rpt.,  1900). 

crossing  : — (Wm.  Saunders,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1896,  1897). 

culture  : — (C.  A.  Keffer,  South  Dakota  Bui.  26). 

descriptive  notes  : — (S.  B.  Green,  Minnesota  Sta.  Bui.  18  ;   C.  E.  Bes- 

sey,  Nebraska  Sta.  Bui.  18;  L.  H.  Bailey,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70). 
for  redemption  of  sandy  tracts  : — (L.  H.  Bailey,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70). 
for  shade  between  forest  trees  : — (S.  A.  Bedford,  Canada  Expl.  Farms 

Rpts.,  1898)  ;   W.  T.  Macoun,  Canada   Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1899. 
for  stocks  :— (J.  L.  Budd,  Iowa  Sta.   Bui.    10  ;  J.  L.  Budd  and  N.  E. 
Hansen,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  No.  22,   Bui.   No.  28);    (J.  Craig,  Canada 
Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1895  ;   N.    E.   Hansen,   Garden,  65,  1899,  No. 
1450). 
hybrid  with  wild  plum  : — (Wm.  Saunders,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts., 

1897). 
notes  : — (S.  A.  Bedford,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1893  ;  J.  Craig, 
Canada   Expl.    Farms    Rpts.,  1894  ;     S.  A.   Bedford,   A.    MacKay, 
Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1894,    1895,    1896,    1897,  1898,  1901  ; 
Thos.  A.  Sharpe,   Canada    Expl.    Farms  Rpts.,    1895  ;   Wm.  Saun- 
ders, Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1896). 
improvement :  — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1896). 
in  cultivation  : — (R.  A.  Emerson,  Agr.,  Neb.,  I,  1902,  No.  6). 
on  plum  stocks: — (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1895,  1896). 
Seedlings  at  Agassiz,  B.  C: — (Thos.   A.  Sharpe,   Canada  Expl.   Farms 
Rpt.,    1901). 
at  Indian  Head,  N.  W.  T.: — (Angus  MacKay,  Canada  Expl.    Farms 

1898,  1898,  1899,  1900,  1901). 
at  Brandon,  Man.: — (S.  A.  Bedford,Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts..  1897, 
1988). 
Self-sterile  varieties  :—(S.  W.  Fletcher,  N.  Y.,  Cornell    Sta.  Bui.    181). 
Setting  of  fruit  : — (P.  Evans,  Missouri  Fruit  Sta.  Bui.  10). 

of  fruit  as  affected  by  vigor  of  terminal  bud  : — (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin 
Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 
Shot-hole,  effect  of  :— (B.  M.  Duggar,  Proc.  Soc.  Prom.  Agr.  Sci.,1898). 
fungus  on  fruit  pedicels: — (F.  C.   Stewart  and  H.  J.  Eustace,    New 
York  State  Sta.  Bui.  199). 
Sod  versus  cultivated  : — (S.  H.  Fulton,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  187). 
Sour,  the,  of  America  : — (G.  H.  Powell,  Delaware  Sta.  Rpt..   1900). 

varieties  :—(U.  P.  Hedrick,  Utah  Sta.  Bui.   64). 
Spraying  :— (B.  T.  Galloway,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers'  Bui.  38). 
effect  on  foliage: — (J.  Craig,  Canada  lixpl.  Farms  Rpt.,  1892). 
for  San  Jose  Scale  with  sulphur  washes  : — (C.  V.    Piper  and   R.  W. 
Thatcher,   Washington    Sta.  Bui.  56  ;   P.  J.  Parrott,    S.  A.    Beach, 
and  H.  O.  Woodworth,  New  York  State  Sta.   Bui.   247). 
Stocks  :— (J.  L.  Budd,  Iowa  Sta.  Bui.  10,  1890  ;  E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin 
Sta.  Bui.  77). 
hardy,  for  :— (E.  S.  Goff,  Wisconsin  Sta.  Bui.  77). 
Stone  oil    as    an    adulterant  of  olive  oil  : — (C.   Micko.-Zeitsch.  osterr. 

Apoth.  Ver.,  31.     Abs.  in  Analyst,  June,  1893). 
Sugar  in:  — (W.  Keim,  Zeitsch.  f.  analyt.  Chem.,  13). 
Top  grafting  in  Iowa  : — (H.  C.  Price  and  E.  E.  Little,   Iowa  Sta.    Bui. 
73)- 


Special  Report  59 

Trees,  analyses  : — (P.  Collier,  New  York  State  Sta.  Rpt,  1891). 

duration   of  growth  period  in  : — (F.  Cranefield,  Wisconsin  Sta.  Rpt., 

1900). 
Utah  hybrid  :— (L.  H.  Bailey,  New  York,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70). 
Varieties  :  — 

Alabama  :— (J.  Clayton,  Sta.  Bui.  47)  ;   (C.  F.  Austin,  Sta.  Bui.  117). 
Canada  :— (W.  W.  Hilborn,  Canada  Expl.  Farms,  Ottawa,  Rpt.,  1889)  ; 

(J.  Craig,  Expl.  Farms  Rpt.,  iSgo)  ;    (S.  A.  Bedford,   Expl.  Farms 

Rpts.,  1890,  1893,);   (T.A.  Sharpe,  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1890,  1893 

1895,  1898);   (J.  Craig,  Expl.  Farms,    Bui.  17)  ;  (W.  T.  Macoun, 

Expl.  Farms  Rpt.,  1898)  ;   (Wm.  Saunders  and  T.  A.  Sharpe,  Expl. 

Farms  Bui.  3.,  Ser.  2). 
California  :— (C    H.  Shinn,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1891-92)  ;  (B.  M.  Lelong,  State 

Bd.  Hort.  Rpt.,    1893-94);   (Sta.  Rpt.,    1893-4);    (A.  V.    Stub- 

enrauch,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1902-3). 
Colorado  :—(H.  H.  Griffin,    Sta.    Rpt.,    1890);    (F.  A.   Huntley,   Sta., 

Rpt.,  1892)  ;   (C.  S.  Crandall,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1896)  ;  (B.  K.  Blinn,  Sta. 

Rpt.,  1896). 
Delaware  :— (G.  H.  Powell,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1900  ;   Sta.  Bui.  35). 
Georgia: — (G.  Speth,  Sta.  Bui.   No.  11);  Gard.  Chron.,  3  ser.  34,  1903, 

No.  864  ;  Garden  &  Forest,  B.  D.  Halsted,  8,  1895. 
Illinois  :— (Agr.  Exp.  Sta.,  1888)  ;   (T.  J.    BurriU  and  G.  W.  McLuer, 

Sta.  Bui.  No.  21). 
Indiana:— (J.  Troop,   Sta.  Rpt.,  1896). 
Iowa:— (J.    L.   Budd,   Sta.    Bui.    Nos.    10,    19,    31);     (H.    C.    Price 

and  E.  E.  Little,  Sta.  Bui.  73). 
Kansas: — (W.  H.  Barnes,  State  Hort.  Soc,  1900). 
Louisiana  :  —  (H.  A.  Morgan  and  F.   H.    Burnette,    Sta.    Bui.    No.  22 

sec.  ser.). 
Maine  :— (F.  L.  Harvey,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1889)  ;  (W.  M.  Munson,  Sta.  Bui 

6). 
Massachusetts  : — (S.  T.  Maynard,  Hatch  Exp.  Sta.  Buls.  4,  52,  104,  118 

Stat.  Rpt.,  1898);  G.  E.  Stone,  Massachusetts  Agr.  Col.  Rpt.,  1894 
Michigan  : — (T.  T.  Lyon,  Sta.   Buls.  55,    67,    80,   88,    129,    143,    152, 

169)  ;   (L.  R.  Taft,  Sta.  Buls.  105,  168,  169,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1897);   (L 

R.  Taft  and  S.   H.    Fulton,  Sta.    Bui.    177);  (S.    H.   Fulton,   Sta 

Buls.  187,  194^  ;   (T.  A.  Farrand,  Sta.  Bui.  205)  ;  (L.  M.  Geismer 

and  C.  D.  Smith,  Sta.  Spec.   Bui.    No.  20)  ;   (L.    R.   Taft   and  M. 

L.  Dean,  Sta.  Bui.  213). 
Missouri  :— (J.  W.  Clark,  Sta.  Bui.  10). 
Montana  :— (S.  M.  Emery,  Sta.  Buls.  20,  24,  28)  ;  (R.  W.  Fisher,  Sta. 

Rpt.,  1902  ). 
New  Hampshire  : — (F.  W.  Rane,  Sta.  Buls.  59,  105). 
New  Jersey  : — (A.  T.  Jordan,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1901). 
New  Mexico  : — (F.  Garcia,  Sta.  Bui.  39). 

New  South  Wales  : — (W.  F.  Allen,  Agr.  Gaz.  13,    1902,  No.  5). 
New  York,  Cornell  :— (L.   H.   Bailey  and   G.  H.    Powell,   Sta.  Bui.  98  ; 

reprint  Rpt.,  1895). 
New  York  State  :—(G.'W.   Churchill.  State   Sta.   Rpt.,    1889);   (C.  E. 

Hunn,  Sta.  Rpt.,    1890)  ;  (S.  A.    Beach,  W.    Paddock,  and  C.    P. 

Close,   Sta.    Rpt.,  1896);   (S.  A.   Beach,  New  York  Sta.   Bui,  98); 

(S.  A.  Beach,  N.  Y.  State  Sta.   Rpt.,  1896  ;   F.  C.    Stewart,  F.   M. 

Rolfs,  and  F.  H.  Hall,  New  York  State  Sta.  Bui.  191;. 


6o  American   Pomological    Society 

North  Carolina  :—(VV.   F.    Massey,   Sta.   Buls.    72,92);   G.  McCarthy, 

North  Carolina  Sta.  Bui.  22,  1S93. 
Ohio: — (H.  C.  Price,  Jour.  Columbus  Hort.  Soc,   18,    1903,    No.    4); 

Ritzema  Bos,  Tijdschr.  Plantenziekt,  2,    1896;   A.  D.    Selby,  Ohio 

Sta.  Bui.,   79. 
Oklahoma: — (O.  M.  Morris,  Sta.    Bui.  43,  Sta.    Rpt.,  1900,  1901)  ;   J. 

Fields,  Sta.  Rpt.,  1899). 
Ontario,  Canada  : — (L.  Woolverton,  Ont.  Dept.  Agr,  Rpt.,     1898  ;   Ont, 

Fruit  Exp.  Stas.  Rpts.,  1898,  1899,    1902). 
Oregon  :—(G.  Coote,  Sta.  Bui.  No.  34). 
Pennsylvania  : — (G.  Hiester,  Dept.  Agr.  Bui.  No.  106). 
Rhode  Island  :— (L.  F.  Kinney,  Sta.  Bui.  No.  7). 
South  Dakota  :— (N.  E.  Hansen,  Sta.  Bui.  76). 
Tennesee  :— (C.  S.  Plumb,    Sta.   Rpt.,    1888)  ;   (R.  L.  Watts,  Sta.  Bui. 

No.  5,  Bui.  Vol.  v..  No.  i). 
Texas  :— (S.  A.  Beach.  Sta.  Bui.  16). 
Utah:— (E.  S.   Richman,  Sta.   Buls.,  18,    25,  37,  45);   (U.  P.  Hedrick, 

Sta.  Bui.  64)  ;    (State  Bd.  Hort.  Bui.  9). 
United  States,  Department  of  Agriculture  : — (S.  B.  Heiges,  Rpt.  Pomo- 

logist,  1895)  ;   (Div.  Pomology,  Bui.  8). 
Vermont :—( Rpt.  of  Director,    Agr.   Exp.    Sta.    1888);   (C.  W.  Minott, 

Sta.  Rpt.,  1889)  ;   (F.  A.  Waugh,  Sta.  Rpt,  1899J. 
Virginia: — (W.  B.  Alwood,  Sta.  Buls.  24,  65,  129,    133). 
Water  content  of  foliage  and  twigs  : — (W.  R.  Lazenby,  Proc.  Soc.  Prom. 

Agr.  Sci.,  1902). 
Western  dwarf,  notes: — (L.  H.  Bailey,  N.  Y.,  Cornell  Sta.  Bui.  70). 
White,  notes: — ( R.  C.  Kedzie,  Michigan  Sta.  Bui.  loi). 
Whitewashing  to  prevent  swelling  of  the  buds  : — (W.  T.  Macoun,   Can- 
ada Expl.  Farms,  Rpt.,  1899). 
Wild,  black  knot,  notes  : — (B.    D.    Halsted,  Forester,   2,    1896,    No.  3), 
leaf  spot  : — (G.  E.  Stone  and  R.  E.  Smith,  Massachusetts,  Hatch  Sta. 

Rpt.,  1897);   C.  A.  Kefifer,   S.  D.  Sta.  B.  15,  1889  ;   B.  20,  1891  ; 

B.  2s,  1891  ;   C.  E.  Bessy,  Neb.  Sta.  B.  18. 
poisonous  properties  of  the  leaves:— (F.  W.  Morse  and  C.  D.  How- 
ard,  New  Hampshire   Sta.   Bui.  56)  ;  (U.  S.   Dept.  Agr.,  Farmers' 

Bui.  103). 
Wine,    preparation  : — (W.   Kelhofer,   Jahresber.  Vers.   Stat.   U.  Schule, 

Wadensweil,  1899-1902). 
Winter  killing  at  Brandon,  Man.:— (S.  A   Bedford,  Canada  Expl.  Farms 

Rpts.,  1895,    1897). 
killing  at  Ottawa,  Ont.:— (J.  Craig,  Canada  Expl.  Farms  Rpts.,  1896; 

W.  T.  Macoun,  1898). 
killing  at  Nappan,  N.  S.:— (W.  S.  Blair,  Canada  Expl.   Farms  Rpts., 

1897). 
Wood  ash  analyses  : — ;R.  Harcourt,  Ont.  Agr.  Coll.,  Rpt.,  1897). 


PRESENT  TREND  OF  PEAR  GROWING 

J.  B.  Cornell,  Newburgh,  N.  Y, 

With  the  great  and  increasing  development  in  the  field  of  Pomology 
naturally  there  should  be  and  are  numerous  changes  in  varieties,  many  of 
the  old  standards  being  eliminated  and  newer  and  more  desirable  ones  tak- 
ing their  places.  In  the  case  of  pears,  we  meet  with  almost  an  exception 
in  the  whole  line  of  fruits,  for  outside  of  the  introduction  of  the  Orientals, 
the  great  commercial  varieties  of  today,  are  varieties  that  were  produced 
nearly  a  century  ago,  while  hundreds  of  new  ones  have  been  introduced.  We 
have  failed  as  yet  to  supplant  in  popular  estimation  the  Bartlett,  Seckel  and 
Bosc.  While  no  one  would  have  the  temerity  to  assert  that  we  have  reached 
the  limit  of  perfection  in  the  pear,  we  will  have  to  admit  that  little  progress 
has  been  made  in  many  years.  Our  greatest  innovation  was  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  Kiefifer  Pear  a  few  years  ago  ;  this  pear  had  a  more  marked  effect 
on  commercial  pear  culture  than  any  variety  that  has  ever  been  introduced. 
It  has  been  very  extensively  planted  in  pear  growing  sections  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  Its  popularity  has  been  so  great  that  in  the  last  ten  or 
fifteen  years  there  is  little  doubt  that  more  of  them  have  been  planted  than 
of  all  other  varieties  combined.  Many  growers  who  have  been  located  in 
the  vicinity  of  canning  factories  have  found  this  the  most  profitable  of  the 
whole  list.  For  the  past  few  years  the  general  markets  have  been  over- 
burdened with  this  variety  much  of  which  has  sold  for  ruinous  prices.  Evi- 
dently we  have  passed  the  limit  of  profitable  production  on  this  class  of 
stock,  whose  value  is  for  canning  and  culinary  uses  only.  There  is  little  or 
no  planting  of  this  variety  in  this  section  at  present.  I  think  growers 
of  this  century,  are  more  alive  to  the  requirements  of  the  markets  and 
the  trend  is  more  toward  the  production  of  high  class  fruit.  The  destruct- 
ive effects  on  orchards  of  the  severity  of  the  winter  of  1903-4  seems  to  be 
more  largely  confined  to  the  valley  of  the  Hudson  River.  Here  it  was  wide 
spread  and  disastrous.  It  has  given  a  set  back  to  commercial  pear  culture  in 
this  district  that  the  next  generation  will  hardly  see  repaired.  Many 
orchardists  who  lost  their  pear  trees  are  replanting  the  ground  with  apples 
and  other  fruits. 

It  seems  to  be  the  censensus  of  opinion  that  for  several  years  past  the 
planting  of  pears  has  not  kept  place  relatively  with  other  orchard  fruits 
and  this  applies  with  especial  force  to  the  high  grade  varieties.  With 
largely  increased  demand  for  choice  pears  one  would  think  that  there  was 
little  fear  of  over  production  for  many  years  to  come. 


62  American  Pomological    Society 

Leading  Market  Varieties 
Bartlett  Leads 

This  brief  review  of  some  of  the  characteristics  of  the  leading  market 
varieties,  is,  as  I  have  seen  them  in  this  section  of  the  state,  and  when  mar- 
ket value  is  mentioned  New  York  City  Market  is  considered.  In  order 
of  importance  and  popularity  of  the  higher  grade  of  pears,  the  Bartlett  easily 
takes  first  rank  commercially.  Its  good  qualities  are  generally  recognized 
and  need  not  be  mentioned,  but  I  will  note  some  of  its  weak  points  in  the 
orchard.  The  tree  seems  to  lack  constitutional  vigor  owing  probably 
to  its  deficient  root  system.  It  has  a  great  tendency  to  overload  with  fruit 
and  great  susceptibility  to  the  ravages  of  blight  and  Psylla  when  they  are  pre- 
valent. With  the  careful  cultivator  some  of  these  difficulties  are  overcome, 
by  others  only  partially  so. 

Seckel :  this  ranks  second  in  importance  as  a  commercial  fruit  and  is  a 
favorite  with  the  fruit  canning  public,  who  appreciate  quality.  In  marked 
contrast  with  Bartlett  it  makes  a  strong  vigorous  tree,  many  old  trees 
reaching  great  size.  In  habit  of  bearing  in  the  orchard  it  closely  resembles 
the  Baldwin  apple  having  pretty  regularly  its  off  seasons.  I  have  found 
by  special  heavy  fertilization  this  is  overcome  to  a  large  extent.  My 
experience  with  this  variety  in  quite  a  large  way  leads  me  to  the  opinion 
that  it  is  not  a  great  success  on  heavy  clayey  soils.  I  know  of  no  variety  so 
susceptible  to  attacks  of  the  codling  moth  as  this  owing  to  its  habit  of  grow- 
ing the  fruit  in  clusters. 

Bosc  :  While  this  is  an  old  variety,  it  has  only  recently  assumed  much 
importance  as  a  commercial  sort.  Its  superior  quality  and  attractive  appear- 
ance when  in  perfection  are  adding  every  year  to  its  laurels  in  the  markets. 
The  tree,  being  such  a  poor, irregular  grower  when  young, almost  necessitates 
the  top  working  on  some  strong  growing  sorts,  will  not  succeed  on  Angouleme 
with  me  and  reports  are  also  unfavorable  when  top  worked  on  the  Kieffer.  I 
have  a  few  top  worked  on  this, and  so  far  are  doing  well — too  soon  yet  to  form 
an  individual  opinion.  Under  good  care  I  find  this  variety  fairly  productive 
but  it  is  not  a  fruit  for  slipshod  cultivators.  After  this  variety  reaches 
some  age  the  trees  develop  much  vigor  and  great  hardiness  having  passed 
through  last  winter  with  little  injury  while  adjacent  Bartlett  trees  were 
largely  killed. 

Clapp  :  is  practically  the  earliest  maturing  variety  that  growers  are  giv- 
ing any  attention  to.  Its  great  beauty  added  to  its  fairly  good  quality  has 
made  it  desirable  for  market  purposes.  A  tendency  to  rot  at  the  core  if 
left  too  long  on  the  tree  and  great  susceptibility  of  the  tree  to  blight  are  its 
only  drawbacks. 

Clairgeau  :  is  growing  more  in  favor  in  the  markets  each  recurring  sea- 
son while  a  pear  of  only  fair  quality  in  comparison  with  the  Seckel  and  Bosc 
its    size    and    appearance    count  for  much.     When  properly  handled   and 


Special  Report  63 

ripened  it  develops  into  a  fruit  of  much  excellence.  Its  short  thick  stem  in 
connection  with  its  large  size  renders  it  very  liable  to  be  thrown  to  the 
ground  in  wind  storms  which  is  a  serious  objection  in  many  sections. 
Growth  of  tree  and  productiveness  are  all  that  could  be  desired. 

Anjou  :  This  has  been  a  very  much  lauded  pear  for  market  in  years  past. 
While  a  grand  fruit  and  deserving  a  place  in  every  collection,  it  has  been  a 
disappointment  for  commercial  purposes  in  this  section  at  least.  It  pos- 
sesses more  weak  points  than  any  variety  seeking  commercial  honors  that 
I  am  familiar  with.  While  the  tree  is  a  strong  vigorous  grower  I  have 
found  it  a  very  unreliable  producer.  Rarely  failing  to  bloom  profusely 
weather  conditions  have  to  be  ideal  for  it  to  set  fruit.  Owing  to  a  very 
tender  skin  the  fruit  has  suffered  much  from  sun  scald  and  a  moderate  wind 
often  brings  a  large  percentage  of  them  to  the  ground  ;  and  in  addition  to 
this  it  is  not  over  popular  in  the  markets. 

Flemish  Beauty,  Sheldon,  Tyson,  Buffum,  Lawrence,  Angouleme, 
Louise  Bonne,  and  some  others,  that  at  one  time  were  commercial  varieties 
in  this  district,  have  been  virtually  eliminated  from  the  list.  Flemish  Beauty 
retains  its  old  time  popularity  in  some  sections,  notably  Central  and  North- 
ern New  York  and  Mr.  F.  E.  Dawley  informs  me  that  more  of  this  variety 
is  sold  in  the  Syracuse  market  than  of  any  other.  He  says  this  variety  suc- 
ceeds remarkably  well  there  and  is  more  largely  grown  than  any  other. 
Angouleme  as  a  dwarf  is  grown  to  quite  an  extent  in  Western  New  York 
commercially.  Neither  of  these  two  are  of  any  value  in  this  section  under 
the  best  of  conditions.  I  have  never  been  able  to  find  a  satisfactory  market 
for  winter  pears,  but  where  such  is  to  be  had  Josephine  and  Nelis  are 
desirable.  The  Nelis  is  a  pear  of  great  excellence  ranking  in  quality  among 
the  winter  varieties  with  Seckel  among  the  autumn  ones.  I  believe  the 
near  future  will  see  greater  popularity  for  it. 

New  Varieties 
Of  the  newer  varieties  that  have  been  tested  I  know  of  only  one  so  far 
that  we  can  say  with  much  confidence  is  an  acquisition  :  that  is  the  Wor- 
den-Seckel.  The  tree  is  a  strong  vigorous  grower  and  a  prolific  bearer, 
when  the  tree  reaches  a  little  age.  Some  growers  complain  of  it  being  a 
little  shy  in  producing  on  young  trees  but  my  experience  in  top  working  it 
on  old  trees,  show  it  to  be  very  prolific  and  also  the  quality  of  the  fruit  is 
better  than  on  young  trees,  which  is  not  infrequent  with  some  other  varieties. 
I  have  failed  so  far  to  find  a  weak  point  with  this  new  comer  although  some 
may  develop  later.  The  fruit  is  very  much  larger  than  the  old  Seckel  and 
more  attractive  in  appearance,  in  fact  it  is  the  most  beautiful  pear  I  know  of. 
Its  season  of  ripening  is  about  that  of  Seckel.  It  is  a  superior  keeper  and 
in  quality  it  ranks  high,  close  up  to  its  parent.  In  New  York  market  this 
season  it  sold  for  fancy  prices. 


64  American  Pomological    Society 

Mr.  Geo.  Sweet  reports  favorably  on  the  quality  of  the  Rossney  but 
is  not  prepared  as  yet  to  recommend  it  for  commercial  planting. 

.Doyenne  De  Cornice,  as  it  comes  from  the  Pacific  Coast  is  very  desir- 
able ;  while  this  is  not  a  new  variety,  it  is  new  to  most  growers.  I  recall 
seeing  it  grown  successfully  in  a  small  way  many  years  ago  on  the  old 
homestead  ;  also  on  the  trial  grounds  of  the  late  Chas.  Downing.  So  far  I 
find  the  tree  a  good  grower  and  hardy,  but  it  has  not  fruited.  Size  of 
fruit,  season  of  maturity  (Oct.)  and  superior  quality  of  fruit  would  seem  to 
make  it  worthy  of  extensive  trial.  Wilder  ripening  about  the  season  of  the 
Tyson  is  not  equal  to  it  in  quality  and  is  not  promising  commercially. 

Amateur  Varieties 

In  the  amateur  list  we  should  certainly  include  the  Elizabeth  ;  ripening 
a  little  ahead  of  the  Tyson  is  a  good  companion  to  it.  Although  of  small 
size  its  quality  commends  it.  The  best  early  reliable  pear  I  have  tested. 
I  look  on  the  Tyson  as  the  hardiest,  most  vigorous  variety  in  the  whole 
list.  A  tree  that  grows  and  produces  fruit  under  the  most  adverse  condi- 
tions— neither  blight,  insects  (San  Jose  Scale  excepted)  or  arctic  weather 
can  overcome  it.  I  know  of  neglected  orchards  where  all  other  varieties 
have  practically  succumbed  to  adverse  conditions  except  this.  This  variety 
was  planted  for  commercial  purposes  in  this  section  a  few  years  ago  but  has 
been  supplanted  by  Clapps  which  is  superior  to  it  only  in  size  and  appear- 
ance. 

Lawrence  ;  This  is  a  variety  that  is  still  recommended  by  some  pomolo- 
gists  for  market  and  amateur  purposes.  It  might  be  desirable  where  the  pear 
midge  is  unknown,  but  where  this  insect  is  in  evidence  this  variety  would 
better  be  omitted  from  the  list.  It  is  a  remarkable  fact  that  the  midge  will 
practically  destroy  the  fruit  of  this  particular  variety  every  season  while 
other  varieties  in  the  same  orchard  are  only  slightly  affected.  And  as  yet 
we  are  without  remedy. 

Dana's  Hovey  should  have  more  attention  from  the  amateur  who  loves 
good  fruit.  A  good  grower  and  producer,  matures  late,  and  is  a  pear  of 
the  highest  quality.     Is  said  to  be  popular  in  the  Boston  market. 

Oris  d'Hiver,  an  old  variety  but  little  known  at  the  present  time,  is 
a  handsome  late  fruit  of  good  quality  and  is  well  worthy  of  a  place  in  the 
amateur  list. 

There  is  a  long  list  of  good  pears  of  the  old  varieties  that  have  been 
overshadowed  by  some  of  the  over-praised  new  ones,  that  are  not  really 
acquisitions.      But  space  forbids  extension  of  the  list  further. 


REPORT  ON  PLUMS 


Committee — F.   A.  Waugh,  U.   P.   Hedrick,   C.  L.   Watrous, 
J.   W.   Kerr 

The  plum  crop  of  1904  was  generally  of  extra  quantity  and  quality. 
This  was  especially  true  of  New  England.  A  few  sections  had  short  crops 
or  none  at  all,  due  to  late  frosts.  This  was  the  case  in  certain  localities  in 
western  New  York. 

General  Changes.  Important  changes  have  been  going  on  in  the 
standing  of  the  different  classes  of  plums,  although  no  such  revolutionary 
occurrences  as  the  introduction  of  the  Japanese  varieties  a  few  years  ago. 
The  most  important  of  these  changes  relate  to  the  localization  of  the  different 
classes  and  varieties.  Further  experience  shows  with  increasing  clearness 
that  varieties  which  succeed  in  one  section  may  be  second  rate  or  worthless 
in  another  and  that  each  locality  must  work  out  for  itself  the  list  of  varie- 
ties best  adapted  to  it.  In  a  general  way  it  has  been  pretty  well  demon- 
strated that  Americana  plums  are  best  for  Iowa,  Wisconsin,  Minnesota, 
and  the  neighboring  states  ;  that  Domestica  plums  and  the  Damsons  are 
best  for  southern  Michigan,  New  York  State,  Massachusetts,  and  Con- 
necticut. Plums  of  the  Hortulana  class  appear  to  be  the  most  profitable 
(coming  into  competition  only  with  Japanese  varieties)  in  southern  New 
Jersey,  Delaware,  and  the  Maryland  peninsula.  Many  localities  in  the 
central  and  south  central  states  promise  to  be  best  suited  by  the  new  hybrids 
of  the  Gonzales  group,  combining  the  parentage  of  Japanese  and  Hortulana 
varieties. 

The  Japanese  varieties  continue  to  be  largely  planted  over  a  wider 
range  of  country  than  ever  before.  Their  popularity  in  the  more  important 
plum  growing  sections,  however,  is  undoubtedly  on  the  wane.  In  western 
New  York  particularly  they  are  now  held  in  light  esteem.  The  popularity 
of  the  Japanese  varieties  is  due  to  the  ease  with  which  they  grow,  the 
earliness  with  which  they  come  into  bearing  and  their  prolificacy.  In  the 
sections  where  the  Domestica  varieties  succeed,  however,  the  Japanese 
varieties  compare  unfavorably  with  them  in  the  points  of  hardiness,  lon- 
gevity, and  quality  of  the  fruit. 

Particular  Varieties.  No  new  varieties  of  very  great  importance  have 
become  established  in  the  horticultural  field  during  the  last  few  years. 
There  are  several  promising  sorts,  particularly  among  the  Gonzales  group, 
referred  to  above,  which,  however,  are  suitable  only  for  middle  or  southern 
latitudes. 

The  Wickson  plum  has  waned  in  favor.  It  has  been  found  that  the 
tree  comes  late  into  bearing  and  ceases  to  bear  well  after  it  reaches  a  mod- 


66  American   Pomological    Society 

erate  age.  It  is  tender  in  fruit  bud  and  generally  unreliable.  The  fruit  is 
showy  and  sometimes  of  good  quality  when  well  ripened,  but  it  ripens 
unevenly  and  can  seldom  be  shipped  to  market  with  any  profit. 

Shiro  and  Apple  are  the  most  promising  of  the  recent  Burbank  intro- 
ductions and  are  receiving  favorable  reports  from  various  sources. 

Waugh,  a  plum  of  the  Japanese  Hortulana  group,  has  given  good 
results  in  the  few  places  where  it  has  been  tested. 

Climax,  though  highly  advertised,  has  not  found  any  important  place 
in  the  eastern  states.  Most  growers  who  have  tested  it,  have  already  dis- 
carded it,  A  few  have  found  it  worth  retaining  in  their  collections,  though 
no  one  has  recommended  it  for  a  commercial  plum.  In  this  respect  it  has 
been  a  considerable  disappointment,  for  at  the  time  of  its  introduction  there 
seemed  to  be  good  reasons  for  hope  that  it  would  take  a  place  in  the  market 
list. 

A  number  of  new  varieties  of  the  Domestica  class  originated  or  col- 
lected by  Mr.  W.  W.  Dunlop  of  Montreal,  have  recently  been  named  by 
the  Quebec  Pomological  Society,  and  are  now  being  disseminated  in  a  small 
way.  The  most  promising  of  these  seem  to  be  Raynes,  Mount  Royal, 
and  Dunlop.  Descriptions  of  these  varieties  are  not  at  hand  but  may  be 
found  in  the  Quebec  Horticultural  reports. 

Three  new  varieties,  Togo,  Oyama,  and  Welcome,  originating  at  the 
Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Ontario,  were  sent  in  for  examination 
during  the  year.  These  all  seem  to  be  superior  as  regards  the  fruit. 
Descriptions  of  these  varieties  prepared  by  Mr.  W.  T.  Macoun  follow  here- 
with : 

Togo  :  Form  roundish,  somewhat  heart  shaped  ;  size  above  medium; 
cavity  narrow,  medium  depth,  abrupt  ;  suture  an  indistinct,  sometimes  dis- 
tinct line,  no  depression  ;  apex  slightly  flattened  ;  color  deep  red  ;  dots 
numerous,  small,  indistinct ;  bloom  moderate,  bluish  ;  skin  yellow,  mod- 
erately thick,  tough  ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy  ;  stone  medium  size,  oval, 
slightly  flattened,  cling;  flavor  sweet,  good,  acid  next  skin;  quality  good. 
A  promising  plum.-  Larger  than  Red  June  and  better  in  quality.  Hand- 
some. Named  Togo  August  31st,  1904,  in  honor  of  Admiral  Togo.  Hybrid 
group.  Originated  at  Central  Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada.  Seed- 
ling of  Red  June.      Seed  planted  by  former  Horticulturist  John  Craig  in  1895. 

Oyama  :  Form  roundish  to  broad  oval ;  size  medium  ;  cavity  narrow, 
medium  depth,  abrupt;  suture  distinct  line,  not  depressed  ;  apex  rounded; 
color  deep  red  all  over  ;  dots  obscure  ;  bloom  thin,  pale  bluish  ;  skin  mod- 
erately thick,  moderately  tender,  bitter ;  flesh  yellow,  firm,  juicy  ;  stone 
small,  oval,  cling  ;  flavor  sweet,  not  rich  ;  quality  medium  to  above.  Not 
specially  promising.  September  12,  1904.  May  be  useful  on  account  of 
hardiness  of  fruit  buds.  Hybrid  group.  Originated  at  Central  Experi- 
mental Farm,  Ottawa,  Ontario.  Seedling  of  Red  June.  Seed  planted  by 
former  Horticulturist  John  Craig  in  1895. 

Welcome:  (Seedling  of  De  Soto).  Fruit  above  medium  size  too  large» 
oval,  flattened  considerably  ;  cavity  narrow,  shallow  ;  color  rich  yellow  more 


Special  Report  67 

or  less  washed  with  red  ;  dots  very  small,  yellow,  indistinct ;  bloom  thin  ; 
skin  moderately  thick,  fairly  tough  to  rather  tender  ;  stone  almost  free  ;  flesh 
yellow,  juicy,  sweet,  a  pleasant  but  not  rich  flavor  ;  quality  good  ;  season  mid 
September.  A  very  handsome  plum.  Tree  vigorous  and  productive. 
Americana.  Tenderer  in  skin  than  most  americanas.  Originated  at  Cen- 
tral Experimental  Farm,  Ottawa,  Canada. 

Marketing.  Less  progress  than  could  have  been  desired  seems  to  be 
made  from  year  to  year  in  the  marketing  of  plums.  No  package  has  secured 
recognition  as  being  standard  and  no  special  methods  of  shipment  have 
been  worked  out.  In  some  sections  fancy  plums  are  marketed  in  quart 
baskets  such  as  are  used  for  strawberries.  In  other  cases  they  are  sent  to 
market  in  six-basket  peach  carriers  now  largely  used  in  Georgia.  Climax 
grape  baskets  with  bales  are  also  used  to  some  extent.  There  seems  to  be 
nothing  but  a  matter  of  local  convenience  considered  in  selecting  these 
packages. 


CLASSIFICATION  OF  THE  PEACH  ACCORDING  TO 

RACES 

R.  H.  Price 

All  cultivated  fruits  comprising  a  large  number  of  varieties,  are  diffi- 
cult to  classify.  This  is  true  because  of  the  well  known  fact  that  the  tend- 
ency to  vary  is  inherent.  Under  cultivation  in  widely  different  soils  and 
climates,  varieties  with  more  or  less  variation  are  produced. 

Any  system  of  classification  that  is  useful  to  the  grower  is  of  import- 
ance and  is  worth  study.  While  however,  some  knowledge  of  a  classifica- 
tion is  necessary  to  the  successful  growing  of  a  fruit  over  a  wide  area,  and 
in  different  climates,  a  good  system  of  classification  is  of  very  great  impor- 
tance to  humanity.  In  a  large  measure  I  think  this  can  be  claimed  for  the 
classification  of  the  peach  herein  outlined.  Of  course  other  systems  of 
more  or  less  value  in  distinguishing  varieties  have  been  devised  and  strange 
to  say  have  held  with  pomologists  till  within  the  past  few  years.  The 
system  based  upon  the  presence  or  absence  of  glands  on  the  foliage  ena- 
bles one  to  distinguish  a  few  varieties  growing  in  the  nursery;  but  some  varie- 
ties bear  different  glands  upon  the  same  tree.  Other  points  have  value 
such  as  color  of  flesh,  adherence  or  non-adherence  of  flesh  to  pits  and  size 
of  bloom.  All  these  points  help  to  distinguish  varieties  but  none  of  them 
has  any  phylogenetic  importance.  They  have  but  little  to  do  in  ena- 
bling us  to  trace  the  relationship  of  varieties,  the  origin  of  varieties  and  the 
adaptability  or  non-adaptability  of  varieties  to  different  thermal  lines.  Hence 
these  systems  appeal  but  little  to  the  practical  grower,  or  to  the  scientific 
horticulturist. 

It  is  also  true  that  an  objection  has  been  raised  against  the  present 
system  of  classification  in  that  all  varieties  could  not  be  assigned  to  one  or 
another  of  the  five  races.  I  might  ask  if  this  has  been  done  with  all  the 
breeds  (races)  of  horses,  cattle,  sheep  and  swine,  where  mixing  and  cross- 
ing have  been  carried  on  ad  libitum  for  many  years.  If  each  animal  can- 
not be  assigned  to  one  or  the  other  of  the  various  breeds  owing  to  the  mix- 
ture of  different  breeds  in  it,  would  any  one  venture  the  assertion  that  there 
are  7io  true  breeds  of  stock } 

In  regard  to  peaches,  however,  it  might  be  stated  that  if  one  has  not 
studied  the  peach  as  it  approaches  its  limit  of  successful  culture  near  the 
tropics  where  many  varieties,  that  are  successful  a  thousand  miles  further 
north  or  on  higher  altitudes,  utterly  refuse  to  bear  at  all,  the  importance  of 
this  classification  will  be  more  difficult  to  appreciate  at  first. 


Special  Report  69 

Description  of  the  Five  Races 

In  describing  the  races,  I  will  begin  with  the  one  that  comes  farthest 
south  and  take  them  in  order  as  they  are  adapted  to  different  thermal  lines 
as  we  go  from  the  citrus  belt  north. 

1  Peen-to  ( Primus persica,var platycarpa,  Decaisne)  :  Tree  rather 
large,  vigorous,  branches  willow-like,  come  out  at  an  angle  of  about  40 
degrees  ;  flowers  large,  appear  frequently  in  January  in  the  states  border- 
ing on  the  Gulf,  blooms  at  low  temperature  and  very  irregularly  ;  winter 
buds,  small,  oblong,  rather  sharp  pointed,  grow  close  to  the  limb  ;  leaves 
narrow,  long,  and  inclined  to  hang  on  all  winter  ;  fruit  much  flattened  ;  skin 
white,  mottled  with  carmine  ;  flesh  white,  flavor  sweet  but  has  a  peculiar 
almond  taste  ;  seed  nearly  round,  much  compressed  at  the  ends,  corrugati- 
ous,  small,  somewhat  round.  This' race  takes  its  name  from  the  variety 
"  Peen-to"  which  is  its  ancestor.  This  variety  was  imported  from  Austra- 
lia by  Mr.  P.  J.  Berckmans  of  Augusta,  Ga.,  in  1869,  but  its  origin  has 
been  traced  to  China.  This  variety  and  some  seedlings  from  it  fruit  well  in 
northern  part  of  the  citrus  belt.  Some  of  its  seedlings  have  fruited  well  in 
the  southern  part  of  California.  Utterly  worthless  a  few  miles  from  the 
coast.  Seedlings  of  Peen-to,  however,  fruit  better  farther  north  than  the 
parent  variety.     Angel  and  Waldo  are  seedlings  of  Peen-to. 

2  South  China  :  The  parent  of  this  race  is  the  variety  Honey. 
The  tree  is  a  medium  sized  grower,  branches  come  out  at  an  angle  of  about 
50  degrees  and  curve  upward,  less  willow-like  than  Peen-to.  Winter  buds 
very  prominent,  round  to  oval,  two  or  three  buds  often  occur  at  the  same 
place,  occasionally  projected  axillary  buds  occur  ;  buds  occur  on  the  limb 
all  along  to  the  top  leaving  no  vacant  places  as  we  see  in  the  "  Persian" 
race.  The  dark  red  buds  stand  out  from  the  limb  at  an  angle  of  about  50 
degrees  ;  leaves  small,  slightly  trough-shaped,  in  the  fall  the  color  become 
slightly  brownish  red,  foreshowing  the  color  of  the  fruit  in  the  young  trees  ; 
hang  on  late  in  the  fall  ;  blossoms  very  large  and  profuse,  very  resistant 
to  cold.  A  sure  bearer  in  the  Gulf  States,  requires  short  seasons 
of  rest.  Fruit  rather  small,  slightly  oval  and  a  little  flattened  ;  suture 
very  deep  at  base  but  only  extends  one-third  the  way  down,  apex  long 
and  recurved  (see  cut),  has  peculiar  honey  sweet  flavor  ;  seed  is  oval  with 
apex  slightly  recurved,  corrugations  slight,  prominent  flange  on  one  side. 
Honey,  which  is  the  parent  of  this  race  is  supposed  to  have  originated  in 
Southern  China  hence  the  name  of  the  race.  Was  imported  from  China  by 
Chas.  Downing  in  1850,  later  was  placed  in  the  care  of  the  late  Henry 
Lyon  of  South  Carolina  where  it  fruited  for  the  first  time  in  America.  Was 
introduced  for  the  first  time  in  America  by  P.  J.  Berckmans  in  1858.  Valu- 
able American  seedlings  from  Honey  are  Pallos,  Climax,  Coleman  and 
Early  China, 


70 


American  Pomological  Society 


3  Spanish  :  Parent  of  this  race  is  unknown  but  the  type  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  brought  over  by  the  early  Spanish  settlers. 

Tree  is  about  the  largest  we  have.  The  "  Indian  "  type  of  this  race 
has  much  •'  Persian  "  blood  and  these  trees  are  not  so  large.  Limbs 
large,  long  and  spreading,  inclined  to  droop  down  except  in  "Indian" 
type  ;  buds,  larger  than  those  of  South  China  and  nearly  always  occur 
singly  on  the  new  wood,  oval  and  project  out  from  the  wood  at  an  angle  of 
50  degrees.  Short  naked  places  occur  on  the  bearing  wood,  color  of  buds 
is  dull  grayish  ;  leaves  small,  flat,  hang  on  late  in  the  fall,  stay  green 
during  severe  droughts,  turn  slightly  yellow  in  the  fall,  foreshadowing 
the  color  of  the  fruit  in  a  young  tree  ;  bloom  often  large  and  profuse. 
The  fruit  ripens  very  late,  nearly  always  downy ;  color  tinged  with 
more  or  less  yellow,  nearly  always  acid  and  of  low  quality.  The  "  Indian  " 
type  is  usually  streaked  with  red  sometimes  blood  red  under  the  skin. 
Seed  oval,  nearly  flat,  apex  prominent,  corrugations  very  large  and  wide  ; 
at  the  base  they  run  more  longitudinally  than  in  any  other  race,  flange 
often  occurs  on  one  side. 

A  heavy  bearer  and  sure  cropper  in  its  proper  zone.  The  "  Persian  " 
blood  in  the  Indian  type  carries  it  well  up  into  the  central  states.  The 
seedlings  one  usually  sees  bearing  such  loads  of  small  peaches  along  the 
fence  and  road  sides  most  frequently  belong  to  this  race.  This  fact  has 
led  many  amateur  growers  to  believe  that  "  seedling  trees  "  are  surer 
bearing  trees  than  budded  trees.  The  following  are  some  varieties  belong- 
ing to  this  race  :  Cobler,  Columbia,  Druid,  Galveston,  Guadalupe,  La 
Reine,  Lulu,  Onderdonk,  Sanders,  Texas  and  Victoria. 

4  North  China  :  The  parent  of  this  race  is  Chinese  Cling,  which 
is  supposed  to  have  originated  in  North  China. 

Tree  is  a  medium  sized  grower  ;  bloom  nearly  always  large  ;  buds 
slightly  larger  than  those  of  Spanish  and  more  pointed,  many  latent  buds 
occur  near  the  tips  of  the  limbs  in  the  Gulf  States  especially,  stand  out  at 
an  angle  of  about  45  degrees  ;  branches  are  short,  thick  and  stubby. 
Leaves  very  large  and  flat,  near  fall  in  the  Southern  states  especially,  the 
foliage  turns  a  peculiar  dull  pea  green  and  by  this  characteristic  alone  one 
can  easily  recognize  Chinese  Cling  and  its  seedlings  in  an  orchard  at  once. 
Fruit  the  largest,  dull  white  with  small  red  blush  on  one  side,  ripens  first 
on  the  outside,  sometimes  the  skin  may  be  easily  stripped  off  by  hand. 
Seed  round,  and  irregular,  somewhat  more  prominent  on  one  side.  It  is 
by  far  the  most  important  race  known  to  the  peach  world.  Such  noted  vari- 
eties as  Elberta,  Mamie  Ross,  and  Carmen  belong  here.  These  go  into 
the  great  markets  of  the  north  by  the  solid  train  load.  Chinese  Cling  was 
imported  by  Chas.  Downing  and  Mr.  Henry  Lyon  of  Columbia,  D.  C, 
was  the  first  to  fruit  it  in  1850.  A  second  importation  was  made  by  Wil- 
liam A.  Spottswood  of  the  U.  S.  Navy  in   i860.     From  this  later  impor- 


w 


I 


Special  Report  71 

tation  originated  such  varieties  as  Lee,  Stonewall  and  Spottswood,  some 
other  varieties  belonging  to  this  race  are : — Albert,  Berenice,  Becquett 
Free,  Family  Smock,  and  Thurber.  The  success  of  the  noted  Elberta 
variety  which  belongs  here  has  enabled  two  growers  to  set  the  largest  peach 
orchards  in  the  south  central  states,  known  in  the  world. 

5  Persian  :  The  parent  of  this  race  is  unknown  but  is  supposed  to 
have  come  from  the  high  altitudes  of  Persia. 

Tree  medium  size  to  large,  limbs  short  and  thick  with  long  naked 
places,  wood  highly  colored  in  the  fall  and  winter,  foreshowing  a  highly 
colored  fruit  ;  bloom  varies  in  size  ;  foliage  nearly  always  crimped  and 
conduplicate,  has  purplish  tinge  before  falling  off,  sheds  early,  needs 
long  period  of  rest  ;  fruit  most  highly  colored  and  of  the  best  qual- 
ity, stone  more  flattened  at  the  base  than  any  other,  corrugations  promi- 
nent at  apex  but  seldom  extend  to  the  base  as  in  Spanish  (see  cut) .  Well 
known  varieties  belonging  to  this  race  are  :  Alexander,  Amsden,  Amelia, 
Crawford,  Downing,  Golden  Drop,  Hale  Early,  Hynes,  Mountain  Rose,  Old 
Mixon  Cling,  Old  Mixon  Free,  St.  John,  Tillotson,  Troth  and  Tuskena's. 
The  bulk  of  northern  orchards  has  come  from  this  race.  However,  since  such 
dreaded  diseases  as  yellows  and  rosette  have  destroyed  large  orchards  of 
the  extreme  northern  states,  the  tendency  of  such  growers  now  seem  to  be 
to  go  farther  south  where  varieties  of  the  North  China  race  are  adapted. 

[Yellows  in  the  north  is  not  now  the  dread  disease  that  was.  Good 
sanitation  holds  it  in  check.     Secy.] 

The  practical  grower  should  not  be  so  much  concerned  about  what 
variety  he  should  plant  as  about  what  race  the  variety  belongs  to  which  he 
wishes  to  plant.      Herein  lies  the  practical  side  of  this  classification. 


REPORT  OF  SPECIAL  COMMITTEE  ON  GRAPES. 
FOR  1904 

T.  V.  MuNSON,  Denison,  Tex.,  Chairman 
Adaptation  as  to  Soils 

There  are  two  classes  of  soils,  requiring  different  varieties  of  grapes 
for  each  for  best  success,  namely  :  very  limy  and  very  sandy  soil.  Those 
varieties  of  grapes  derived  from  species  found  naturally  confined  to  sandy 
soils,  possessing  little  lime,  do  poorly,  (the  foliage  turning  yellow — 
chlorosis)  when  planted  in  very  limy  soils,  such  as  the  black  waxy  and 
adobe  soils  of  the  South  (especially  Texas)  and  California,  when  there  is 
50  per  cent  or  more  of  lime  in  the  soil.  To  this  class  belong  all  pure 
varieties  of  /abrusca,  viilpina,  (riparia),  aestivalis,  bicolor,  and 
linsecomii  of  which  some  varieties  of  each  are  here  mentioned. 

Vitis  labrusca :  Champion,  Columbian,  Concord,  Cottage,  Dra- 
cut,  Amber,  Eaton,  Hartford,  Hayes,  Ives,  Jaynesville,  Lutie,  Martha, 
McPike,  Moore  Early,  Perkins,  Pocklington,  Vergennes,  Woodruff,  Wor- 
den,  Wyoming. 

Vitis  aestivalis  :     Norton's  Virginia,  (Syn.  Cynthiana). 

V.  bicolor :  Kohr  and  others  named  by  Dr.  G.  L.  Tinker,  of  New 
Philadelphia,  O.,  upon  which  he  is  endeavoring  to  build  up  a  new  family 
of  grapes  for  the  North  especially  for  wine  purposes  for  which  they  are 
very  promising. 

V.  vulpina  :  None  of  pure  blood  in  cultivation,  although  Clinton  and 
Taylor  are  commonly  so  classed. 

V.  linsecomii:  H.  Jaeger's  No.  43,  Neosho,  No.  13,  etc.,  of  S.  W. 
Mo.,  and  T.  V.  Munson's  No.  i,  Early  Purple,  Lucky,  Big  Berry,  etc. 

Likewise  the  hybrids  of  any  two  or  more  of  the  five  species  just 
named,  of  which  a  few  are  mentioned  here  do  not  succeed  well  in 
very  limy  soils. 

Labrusca  X  vulpina  :  Amber,  Bacchus,  Clinton,  Elvira,  Etta,  Grein's 
Golden,  Marion,  Missouri  Riesling,  Noah,  Presly,  Taylor. 

Labrusca  x  aestivalis :  Kentucky,  a  hybrid  of  Concord,  with  Norton  ; 
Gold  Coin,  a  hybrid  of  Norton  with  Martha  ;  Ozark,  a  hybrid  of  Norton 
with  Concord. 

Linsecomii  x  labrusca  :       Beacon,  Dr.  CoUyer,  Mansleaf,  and  others. 

Those  varieties  of  grapes  derived  from  species  having  their  habitat  in 
very  limy  soils,  succeed  well  in  soils  having  a  high  percentage  of  lime.   The 


Special  Report  73 

species  from  which  these  come  are  the  Vinifera,  Berlafidieri,  Bounjuifi- 
ia?ia,  Candicans,  C/iampini,  Doaniana,  and  Rupestris.  Some  varieties 
are  named. 

V.  Vifiifera,  an  Asiastic  species  giving  rise  to  the  Muscats,  Chasse- 
las,  Tokay,  Malaga,  etc. 

V.  Berlandieri,  of  S.  W.  Texas,  has  no  pure  varieties  generally  in 
cultivation,  but  has  been  hybridized  with  Vinifera  to  some  extent. 

V.  Bourquiniatia,  furnishes  the  Cunningham,  Devereux,  Elsinburgh, 
Harwood,  Herbemont,  Lenoir,  Louisiana,  etc. 

V.  Candicans,  the  Texas  Mustang  grape  has  no  pure  varieties  in  cul- 
tivation. A  hybrid  of  Elvira  with  it, — the  Elvicand,  grows  well  in  quite 
limy  soils,  and  a  hybrid  of  Elvicand  with  Brilliant,  flourishes  in  very  limy 
soils. 

V.  Champitii,  native  of  Central  Texas,  is  in  cultivation  in  pure  form 
only  as  a  graft  stock,  on  account  of  its  success  in  limy  adobe,  droughty 
soils  and  to  resist  the  Phylloxera,  and  the  Anaheim  Disease  of  California. 
It  enters  into  the  Lukfata,  a  hybrid  with  Moore  Early,  a  grape  equally  good 
as  Moore  Early  and  succeeding  in  limy  soils,  also  into  the  Champanel,  a 
hybrid  with  Worden,  likewise  well  adopted  to  moderately  limy  soils. 

V.  Doa7iiana,  native  of  the  Texas  Pan  Handle  region.  In  cultiva- 
tion only  as  a  graft  stock,  possessing  very  similar  qualities  with  Champini, 
but  capable  of  enduring  greater  cold. 

V.  Rupestris,  native  of  Texas,  Ind.  Ter.,  and  Missouri  in  limy  soils 
in  the  gravelly  beds  of  small  streams,  where  its  roots  can  reach  perpetual 
moisture.  No  pure  varieties  in  cultivation,  except  as  graft  stocks.  It 
enters  into  many  hybrids  in  the  U  S.  with  V.  Lincecumii,  such  as  Jaegers 
No.  70,  and  the  America,  Manito,  Mericadel,  Cloeta,  Captain  and  others, 
all  of  which  succeed  well  in  moderately  limy  soil.  The  French  have  used 
it  extensively  as  a  stock  in  limy  soils,  and  in  numerous  hybrids  with  Vini- 
fera, both  for  direct  producers  of  wine  grapes,  and  for  graft  stocks. 

All  the  species  native  in  limy  soils,  succeed  well  also  in  sandy  soils, 
and  the  hybrids  among  themselves,  succeed  well  in  both  limy  and  sandy 
soils. 

The  hybrids  between  the  species  native  of  limy  lands  and  those  native 
of  sandy  lands  are  generally  more  capable  of  thriving  in  limy  land  than  are 
the  pure  blood  sandy  land  grapes,  but  much  less  successful  in  very  limy 
lands,  than  the  pure  blood  limy  land  varieties.  We  have  examples  among 
the  Rogers  Hybrids  in  Delaware,  in  Catawba  (Labrusca  x  Vinifera)  and 
many  hybrids  produced  by  the  writer,  such  as  Carman,  Muench,  Brilliant, 
Headlight,  Wapanuka,  etc.  Some  of  these  hybrids  endure  much  more 
lime  than  others.  Among  Roger's  Hybrids,  the  Goethe  will  endure  as 
much  as  50  per  cent  of  carbonate  of  lime  in  the  soil  without  chlorosing.     So 


74  American  Pomological  Society 

will  Brilliant,  which  is  a  combination  of  Labrusca,  Vinifera  and  Bourguini- 
ana  (the  latter  derived  from  Delaware). 

All  grapes  require  a  well  drained  warm,  porous  soil,  and  one  rich  in 
potash.  Stable  manure  is  best  fertilizer  on  heavy  compact  soils,  and  on 
light  open  soils  a  mixture  of  cotton  seed  meal,  four  parts  and  ground  bone, 
one  part,  and  from  600  to  1000  pounds  of  this  mixture  to  an  acre  annually 
will  keep  the  vineyard  in  vigorous  condition. 

Adaptation  as  to  Climate 

As  it  is  with  reference  to  soils,  so  it  is  with  climate  yet  in  a  much  more 
general  degree,  that  varieties  fail  or  flourish.  Varieties  developed  out  of  a 
species  native  of  a  cold  wet  climate,  taken  to  a  dry  hot  climate,  either  per- 
ish quickly  or  linger  along  with  indifferent  success  a  few  years  and  die  out 
before  or  by  the  time  they  should  be  in  their  prime.  We  see  this  in  vary- 
ing degrees  in  all  the  Labrusca  varieties  and  their  hybrids  with  Vulpina 
(natives  of  Northeastern  part  of  the  United  States;  when  planted  in  Texas 
west  of  the  97th  meridian  (a  hot  dry  climate). 

The  hybrids  of  Labrusca  with  Vinifera,  succeed  as  well  or  better  in 
Texas,  than  in  New  York,  because  Vinifera  natively  belongs  to  a  hot  dry 
climate.  But  the  success  is  not  nearly  so  great  as  hybrids  of  Vinifera 
Lincecumii  or  Champini. 

The  Concord  and  most  other  Labrusca  varieties  in  Texas  and  other 
parts  of  the  South,  ripen  unevenly,  and  reach  their  best  state  in  3  years, 
and  in  8  or  10  years  are  on  the  decline,  while  the  Bourquiniana,  Lincectifnii, 
Champifit,  Berlnndieri,  Doaniana  and  Rotundifolia  varieties  are  in  their 
glory  for  twenty-five  to  fifty  years.  But  remove  the  last  named  varieties 
north  of  38°  latitude  and  they  either  winterkill,  do  not  ripen,  or  get  sweet 
enough,  as  they  take  more  heat  to  developthem  than  such  climate  furnishes. 

There  are  some  hybrids  of  Lincecumii  with  Labrusca  and  Labrusca  x  Vin- 
ifera that  succeed  quite  well  as  far  north  as  40°.  Such  are  Beacon,  Dr. 
Collier,  R.  W.  Munson,  which  are  reported  as  doing  well  in  central  Illi- 
nois and  in  New  Jersey. 

Strangely,  the  (Norton)  Virgitiia  so  nearly  allied  to  Li?icecumii,  when 
grown  in  Texas,  is  as  short  lived  as  Concord,  and  in  some  very  dry  seasons 
shrivels  on  the  vine,  while  Lincecumii  v2s\q.\\^s,  and  hybrids  with  Norton, 
endure  well  and  ripen  perfectly.  One  is  a  native  of  the  moist  Virginia  coast 
region,  not  far  from  Richmond,  the  other  of  the  dry  N.  Texas  region.  Both 
are  native  in  and  love  a  very  sandy  soil. 

The  result  of  subjecting  the  various  species  to  the  attacks  of  the  Ana- 
heim Disease  in  California,  is  generally,  that  the  varieties  of  American 
grapes  which  resist  long,  hot  drouths  best,  also  resist  the  Anaheim  Disease 
best  ;  suggesting  some  connection  of  climatic  hardship,  such  as  drouth  and 
heat,  with  the  disease. 


Special  Report  75 

By  going  more  into  detail,  as  to  varieties,  their  derivations,  and  com- 
binations, the  report  could  be  extended  into  the  volume  of  a  book,  but  it 
is  thought  enough  is  said  to  indicate  general  principals,  so  that  any  apt 
vineyardist,  can  deduce  and  readily  apply  correct  practice  in  almost  every 
case. 

T.   V.     MUNSON, 

Chairman  of  Com. 
Denison,  Grayson  Co.,  Texas, 
Dec.  14th,  1904. 

P.  S.  Along  with  my  report  I  hand  you  the  very  valuable  report  of 
Mr.  Geo.  C.  Husmann,  another  member  of  the  Committee. 

Owing  to  ill  health,  Prof.  W.  J.  Green  could  not  make  a  report,  and 
no  response  has  yet  been  received  from  Mr.  A.  H.  Pettit,  of  Ontario,  Can. 

T.  V.  M. 

NOTES  ON  ADAPTATION 

Washington,  D.  C,  Nov.  28,  1904. 
Prof.  T.  V.   MuNSON, 

Chairman  Committee  on  Grapes,  American  Pomological  Society, 
Denison,  Texas. 
Dear  Mr.  Mtmson  : — 

I  have  just  returned  from  an  extended  trip  of  viticultural  investigations 
to  the  Pacific  Coast,  and  your  letter  of  November  5th  addressed  to  me  to 
the  University  of  California,  has  been  chasing  me  and  has  just  caught  me. 
Not  knowing  that  a  report  was  expected  from  me,  it  will  be  hasty  and  in 
the  shape  of  a  general  letter. 

That  great  differences  exist  in  the  adaptation  of  varieties  to  special 
soils  and  climates,  latitudes  and  altitudes,  there  can  be  no  question. 
Would  mention  a  few  striking  instances.  The  Thompson  seedless,  which 
in  the  counties  around  San  Francisco  Bay,  is  a  comparatively  late  ripening 
variety,  has  been  grown  in  the  Imperial  regions  near  Coachello  in  southern 
California,  as  an  early  ripening  variety.  The  Green  Hungarian  which  my 
father  and  myself  grew  at  Talcoa  vineyards  on  adobe  soil,  near  San  Fran- 
cisco Bay,  produces  fruit  that  was  exceptionally  fruity  and  heavy  in  sac- 
charine, going  as  high  as  26  and  28  degrees  Balling  saccharometer,  and 
producing  little  or  no  second  crop,  whereas  at  my  own  place  up  in  the 
mountains  30  miles  from  there  at  an  elevation  of  900  feet  on  gravelly  loam, 
it  produces  enormous  first  and  second  crops  and  often  a  third  crop,  but  in 
the  best  of  seasons,  never  going  above  23  degrees  Balling,  making  a  wine 
of  Hock  type. 

Zinfandel  the  leading  red  wine  grape  of  California,  on  hillside  loca- 
tions suited  to  it,  makes  a  first  class  heavy  bodied  red  wine,  and  on  low- 
lands in  the  valley  often  not  half  a  mile  away  from  the  former,  only  a  vin 


76  American  Pomological  Society 

ordinaire,  a  light  colored,  light  bodied  claret.  Wines  made  from  grapes 
in  the  Livermore  district  with  age  invariably  develop  Sauterne  flavors, 
whilst  the  same  varieties  in  the  Napa  and  Sonoma  districts  partake  of  the 
Riesling  character.  Again,  in  the  San  Joachin  and  Sacramento  valleys 
fine  sweet  wines  and  brandies  are  produced,  whereas  the  dry  wines  in  these 
valleys  of  the  same  varieties,  as  grown  in  the  dry  wine  districts  are  always 
inferior. 

Another  instance,  when  the  Phylloxera  devastated  the  vineyards  o^ 
Napa  and  Sonoma  valleys  in  California,  three  kinds  of  resistant  varieties 
were  largely  planted,  namely,  the  Riparia,  Rupestris  and  Lenoir.  Now 
only  a  few  of  the  Riparia  plantings  remain,  and  these  are  all  of  them  good 
lasting  vineyards  within  a  radius  of  12  miles  from  the  Bay,  where  they  are 
affected  by  fogs,  etc.  Farther  inland  they  have  succumbed  on  account  of 
the  spreading  root  system  close  to  the  surface.  The  Lenoir  where  the 
soil  was  deep  so  the  roots  could  go  down,  have  done  well,  whereas  the 
Rupestris  have  done  fairly  well. 

Last  spring  while  out  in  California,  I  found  at  Livermore  up  to  then 
the  wild  Riparia  from  Nebraska  which  had  been  largely  used  as  a  stock, 
had  done  well  and  many  fine  vineyards  were  to  be  seen  grafted  on  it.  This 
year  has  been  an  exceptionally  dry  and  hot  one,  and  this  fall  when  I  again 
visited  that  section,  I  did  not  meet  with  a  single  vineyardist  who  did  not 
have  a  tale  of  woe  to  tell  me  regarding  it.  On  the  other  hand,  the  vine- 
yards on  Rupestris  St.  George  were  doing  quite  well.  At  the  Government 
experimental  vineyard  at  Earleton,  Florida,  quite  a  number  of  Vinifera 
varieties  were  tried  on  resistant  stock,  and  these  resistants  were  either 
Riparia  or  Rupestris  or  crosses  of  the  two.  The  first  season  that  these 
were  under  my  observation  was  a  wet  one,  and  the  Riparia  came  out  a  lit- 
tle ahead.  The  next  season  was  a  dry  one,  and  not  only  did  the  straight 
Riparias  all  go,  but  the  crosses  showed  weaknesses  accordingly,  whereas 
the  straight  Rupestris  stood  it  quite  well. 

The  Scuppernong  or  Rotundifolia,  regarding  which  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  is  starting  investigations,  does  not  to  my  knowledge  extend  far- 
ther North  than  Maryland.  It  flourishes  along  the  coast  and  gradually  dis- 
appears from  the  coast  inland. 

At  Lewiston,  Idaho,  on  a  trip  taken  two  years  ago,  I  found  quite  good 
results  had  been  obtained  in  growing  Viniferas  along  the  Snake  River, 
most  notably  as  to  the  Chasselas  varieties  (which  I  would  say  seem  to  have 
the  happy  faculty  of  adjusting  themselves  to  quite  a  variety  of  conditions). 
A  wine  shown  me  by  Mr.  Robert  Schleicher  at  Lewiston,  Idaho,  made  from 
Viniferas  grown  there,  would  compare  favorably  with  California  product. 

Would  also  state,  in  several  parts  of  Oregon  there  is  quite  a  tendency 
developing  towards  growing  American  varieties  of  grapes.  In  connection 
with  this,  it  is  interesting  to  note  that  European  and  American  varieties  are 


Special  Report 


77 


being  grown  successfully  side  by  side  in  these  vineyards.  Quite  a  number 
of  new  varieties  are  under  observation,  but  have  not  seen  sufficient  of  them 
to  make  definite  suggestions  regarding  them.  Among  these  are  some  of 
your  own  varieties. 

Of  varieties  sent  out  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture  within  recent 
years,  two  have  shown  up  quite  well,  the  Hungarian  Millenium  and  Sul- 
taniah  Rosea. 

Trusting  this  rambling  letter  may  give  you  a  few  points  of  interest, 
and  that  you  will  let  me  know  if  I  can  be  of  further  service. 
Yours  very  truly, 

Geo.  C.  Husmann,   Viticulturist. 
Member  Committee  on  Grapes,  American  Pomological  Society. 

REPORT    OF    COMMITTEE   ON    SMALL    FRUITS 

Abel  F.   Stevens,  Chairman,  Wellesley,   Mass. 

Production  of  Nezv  Varieties:  From  my  earliest  years  I  have  loved 
the  production  of  New  Seedling  varieties  of  trees  and  plants  for  fruit,  and 
the  closer  I  am  brought  into  communion  with  nature  the  more  I  am  filled  with 
gratitude  to  the  Giver  of  all  good — for  that  love  for  fruits  and  the  enjoyment 
of  the  sweet  intercourse  with  these  beautiful  objects  of  creation.  We  should 
look  with  wonder  and  admiration  upon  the  infinite  beauty  and  perfection  of 
the  works  of  the  "  Hand  Divine" — the  enamelled  blossoms  bespangling 
the  orchards  with  starry  spray — sweet  harbingers  of  a  beautiful  harvest,  the 
lucious  fruits,  "God's  best  gift  to  man."  What  pen  can  sketch  the  chang- 
ing hues,  the  magnificence  and  glory  when  "  Pomona"  pours  from  her 
over-flowing  lap  the  varied  treasures  of  the  ripening  year?  For  a  delicious, 
healthy,  and  nourishing  food  for  our  table  let  there  be  at  all  times  and  all 
seasons  a  most  liberal  supply  of  fresh  fruits,  for  it  is  that  source  of  food  that 
is  ever  ready  without  cooking  or  special  preparation  for  our  tables. 

New  Varieties 

Testing  new  fruits  is  an  exceedingly  interesting  and  very  fascinating 
employment.  If  we  happily  find  one  new  variety  in  our  experiments,  that 
gives  promise  of  satisfactory  paying  results  we  are  amply  repaid  for  our 
time,  expense  and  painstaking  efforts,  aside  from  the  pleasure  we  have 
derived.  We  have  devoted  much  time  and  expense  to  our  experimental 
work  in  hybridizing  and  cross-breeding  seedlings — both  in  the  large  as  well 
as  the  small  fruits,  and  know  that  the  results  of  our  labors  have  and  will 
prove  a  blessing  to  the  world.  Let  us  do  something  in  our  day  and  genei- 
ation  that  will  make  the  world  brighter  and  better  for  as  we  now  enjoy 
what  others  have  planted,  let  us  now  plant  that  others  may  enjoy  ! 

Specializing  is  now  prevailing  among  the  largest  growers  of  fruits — 


78  American  Pomological  Society 

the  producer  of  yesterday  has  many  varieties  of  different  kinds  but  the 
grower  of  today  selects  only  a  few  of  the  very  best  tested  varieties,  making 
a  speciality  of  these  and  a  grand  success  of  his  business. 

Not  for  nearly  a  decade  have  small  fruits  been  in  such  demand  in  all 
parts  of  the  country  as  this  past  year.  And  the  outlook  was  never  better, 
for  this  business  of  growing  choice  fruits  of  the  best  quality,  placed 
upon  the  market  in  the  most  attractive  form,  carefully  graded,  as  to  size, 
uniform  in  color,  and  ripeness,  "  honestly  packed  "  in  clean  neatly  sten- 
cilled packages  and  crates.  A  wise  selection  of  best  varieties— not  only 
in  quality — but  in  succession  of  ripening,  so  as  to  furnish  a  full  supply  to 
our  patrons — these  are  the  essentials  of  success. 

Practical  Notes  :  In  the  propagation  of  Currant  and  Gooseberry  we 
always  secure  cuttings  the  previous  fall  when  well  mature  for  early  spring 
setting,  these  we  carefully  label,  tie  in  bunches  of  fifty  each  and  dip  the 
ends  into  melted  grafting  wax,  or  a  mortar  made  of  water  and  clay,  then 
pack  in  damp  sand  or  moss.  Experience  shows  that  a  far  better  growth  is 
made  by  all  cuttings  thus  prepared  than  by  leaving  them  to  pass  through 
the  vicissitudes  of  winter.  All  of  the  bush  varieties  of  small  fruits  that 
grow  from  cuttings  always  make  better  plants  than  the  same  varieties  from 
layers,  better  root  development,  better  for  commercial  and  orchard  pur- 
poses. The  preparation  of  the  cutting  beds  should  be  thorough  and  com- 
plete. Have  the  soil  well  pulverized  and  a  liberal  dressing  of  old  stable 
manure  to  which  we  add  I  part  ground  bone,  well  incorporated  into  the 
soil.  During  the  growing  season  frequent  cultivation  with  mulching  between 
rows  gives  good  winter  protection  to  the  hardy  cuttings  left  in  the  cutting 
beds,  but  generally  better  results  comes  from  storing  all  yearling  cuttings 
in  the  storage  cellars  during  winter — the  terminal  buds,  so  important,  are 
thus  secured  by  this  practice. 

Spraying :  We  have  found  that  "  Bordeaux  "  applied  twice  or  three 
times  in  a  season,  sometimes  in  a  more  dilute  form,  and  other  times  reen- 
forced  with  Paris  Green,  or  better  still.  Arsenate  of  Lead,  has  been  very 
efficacious  in  controlling  both  mildew  and  leaf-blight  on  currants  and 
gooseberries.  Experiments  on  the  worst  forms  of  mildew  treating  with  the 
following  formula  were  tried  : 

I  oz.  of  Potassium  Sulphide 
10  to  12  parts  water. 

A  few  sprayings  of  this  mixture  have  been  very  successful  in  holding  it 
in  check  and  save  both  foliage  and  fruit. 

To  prevent  the  blighting  of  the  foliage  on  Currants  and  Gooseberries, 
we  found  two  early  applications  and  one  after  the  fruit  had  been  gathered 
were  sufficient.  To  prevent  Black-tot  ^\\ich  has  been  quite  prevalent  for 
several  years,  our  best  success  has  come  from  washing  the  vines  in  spring 
with  a  weak  solution  of  Copper  Sulphate  using  13  oz.  to  50  gallons  water 


Special  Report  79 

— this  in  addition  to  the  regular  sprayings  of  Bordeaux.  Even  the  dreaded 
"  Anthracnose  "  has  been  controlled  by  this  application. 

In  large  plantations  of  raspberries  we  have  found  that  the  Black  Cap 
varieties  to  be  more  affected  than  the  red  kinds.  Our  best  treatment  has 
been  to  keep  the  growing  canes  covered  with  Bordeaux  and  to  cut  out  and 
burn  old  canes  as  soon  as  done  fruiting. 

For  Blackberry  "  Rust  "  spraying  with  full  strength  Bordeaux  and  cut- 
ting clean  and  burning  as  soon  as  seen  was  the  only  remedy  found  efficacious. 

Strawberries :  Rusting  of  the  foliage  of  many  varieties  has  caused 
great  damage  to  paying  crops.  By  keeping  newly  set  beds  well  sprayed 
and  dipping  the  plants  in  Bordeaux  before  planting  ;  and  in  established 
beds  spray  before  blossoming  and  after  fruiting  mow  at  once  close  and  clean, 
scatter  over  beds  old  straw  and  burn  all  clean,  then  spray  the  new  foliage 
with  Bordeaux  twice  during  the  fall  growth.  The  same  treatment  for  leaf- 
spot  will  check  and  destroy  the  crown  borer  in  our  strawberry  fields.  A 
word  of  caution  !  Do  not  use  any  arsenious  poisons  on  currants  or  goose- 
berries, blackberries,  or  strawberries,  two  weeks  before  picking  the  fruit. 

For  Scale  Insects  :  Twenty  parts  of  lime,  15  parts  sulphur,  10  parts 
sal-soda  :  Put  15  gallons  hot  water  into  a  barrel,  add  lime,  then  sulphur, 
and  lastly  sal-soda.  Stir  until  well  slaked,  add  50  gallons  water.  When 
ready  to  apply  is  a  red  color  with  sediment.  Draw  off  the  wash  and  apply 
with  spray  pump. 

This  mixture  has  given  me  equally  as  good  results  as  others  made  by 
boiling  for  hours. 

Protection  from  Frosts:  Late  spring  and  early  autumn  frosts  have 
caused  immense  amount  of  damage  in  the  strawberry  fields  and  vineyards. 
We  have  been  very  successful  in  combating  the  baneful  effects  of  killing 
frosts  by  the  following  method  : 

Mix  coal  tar  with  sawdust  and  old  straw,  place  in  heaps  about  the  fields 
on  the  windward  side.  When  heavy  frosts  threaten  set  these  heaps  afire. 
They  will  burn  for  many  hours  making  a  dense  smoke  completely  protect- 
ing the  plants  and  vines  heavily  laden  with  blossoms  and  green  fruit  in  the 
late  spring  and  the  partially  ripened  fruits  in  early  fall. 

Nut  culture:  In  this  important  branch  greatly  increasing  interest  is 
being  manifested  in  Northern  and  Eastern  states.  We  find  that  the  chest- 
nut varieties  and  species  lead,  but  the  walnuts — both  black  and  white — as 
well  as  the  shell-bark  hickory  are  receiving  attention  for  the  value  of  the  tim- 
ber of  these  species  enhance  the  plantings.  We  have  gathered  black  walnuts 
from  trees  seven  years  from  seed.  The  sweet  Spanish  and  Japan  chestnuts 
are  being  tested  largely  here  in  the  east.  What  the  Pecan,  Filbert  and 
Almond  nuts  are  to  the  South  and  West,  the  improved  chestnuts  and  wal- 
nuts are  to  the  North  and  East.  These  varieties  are  well  worthy  a  place 
either  for  ornament  or  fruit. 


8o  American   Pomological  Society 

Variety  Studies  :    Strawberries 

Gen.  Warren:  An  extra  early  and  extremely  large,  shapely  berry,  of 
superb  quality,  a  vigorous  grower  and  a  productive  plant.  A  seedling  of 
of  the  famous  Marshall  and  equal  to  it  in  size,  color  and  quality  and  fully 
ten  days  earlier.  We  believe  this  new  variety  will  command  a  premium 
for  its  extra  high  quality  and  loveliness,  coupled  with  size  and  productive- 
ness. 

North  Shore :  A  very  strong  late  staminate  variety  that  is  very  pro- 
ductive, of  extra  large  bright  colored  berries  of  good  quality.  It  has 
proved  a  grand  poUinizer  for  our  best  Pistillate  varieties,  as  Sample,  Bubach 
and  Haverland. 

Commoiiwealth  :  Very  large  handsome  crimson  berry  of  extra  quality, 
very  productive,  strong  staminate  and  extremely  late. 

Howard' s  4.  Avery  promising  seedling,  vigorous  plant,  large  conical 
berry,  of  good  quality,  productive  and  late. 

Raspberries 

Cardinal :  An  extra  large  berry,  of  a  bright  red  color,  piquant  acid 
flavor.  The  plant  is  a  very  large,  strong  grower.  Cane,  8-12  ft.,  has 
proved  to  be  very  productive  and  profitable. 

Herbert:  For  size,  quality,  productiveness,  vigor,  hardiness,  great 
claims  have  been  made  and  after  a  limited  trial  we  are  glad  to  say  it  seems 
to  fulfill  all  of  them. 

Wellesley :  The  very  best  and  largest  extra  early  Black  Cap  grown. 
Superb  in  quality,  very  productive,  vigorous  and  perfectly  hardy.  As  the 
plants  are  very  deep  rooted  and  such  vigorous  growers  it  stands  the  drought 
better  than  any  variety  grown.  Its  wonderful  productiveness  and  extra 
size  and  quality  with  handsome  fruit  that  ripens  with  the  earliest  makes  it 
in  my  opinion  the  most  valuable  Black  Raspberry  known  to  growers. 

Currants 

Steven^ s  Superb :  In  this  new  variety  we  have  the  ideal  currant.  The 
plant  is  very  vigorous,  a  rank  grower,  thick  heavy  foliage  and  excessively 
prolific,  of  long  shouldered  bunches  with  good  neck  for  picking.  Berries 
of  the  very  largest  of  all  known  varieties,  of  a  brilliant  crimson  color,  very 
attractive  on  the  table,  or  in  the  market  baskets  while  the  quality  is  certainly 
of  the  very  best  of  all  red  varieties.  This  new  seedling  combines  more 
excellent  qualities  than  any  one  I  have  tried. 


Special  Report  8i 

Gooseberries 

Golden  Beauty  :  In  this  new  seedling  we  have  combined  vigorous 
growth,  healthy  foliage,  freedom  from  mildew,  extra  large,  handsome  ber- 
ries of  rich  golden  color  and  of  fine  quality,  an  excellent  yellow  gooseberry. 

In  the  production  of  new  varieties  of  choice  fruits  or  fragrant  flowers 
we  all  should  be  willing  to  contribute  our  share  to  the  good  of  the  cause 
for  the  laws  of  nature  should  be  the  secrets  of  none  and  he  that  has  a 
knowledge  of  any  important  discovery  in  horticultural  work  should  gladly 
impart  it  to  others.  The  progress  of  all  experiments  should  be  noted 
down  and  this  experience  given  to  our  associates  for  it  is  by  the  constant 
interchange  of  facts  derived  by  experience  that  we  owe  much  of  our  pro- 
gress in  horticulture.  Let  the  cultivators  of  the  soil  give  our  art  more 
attention  and  promote  this  interesting  and  benevolent  employment.  To 
our  mind  the  production  of  delicious  fruits  and  fragrant  flowers  carries  the 
promise  of  a  healthier  race,  of  happier  homes  and  a  higher  and  nobler 
civilization. 

The  following  report  is  by  Mr.  Matthew  Crawford  of  Cuyahoga  Falls, 
Ohio  : 

THE  NEWER  STRAWBERRIES  AND  BUSH  FRUITS 
By  M.  Crawford,  Ohio 

A  good  many  new  seedling  strawberries  are  sent  here  on  trial  and  the 
following  are  among  the  most  promising  : 

Strawberries 

Nehring' s  Gem  :  Originated  in  Missouri  and  not  yet  offered.  The 
plant  is  very  large  and  perfectly  healthy  and  vigorous.  It  sends  out  many 
strong  runners  and  will  bear  immense  crops  on  old  beds  and  still  better  on 
new  ones.  It  is  pistillate  and  commonly  matures  a  berry  for  each  blos- 
som. The  fruit  is  large,  roundish,  bright  red,  and  of  excellent  flavor.  It 
may  remain  on  the  plant  for  days  after  maturity  without  injury. 

Victor,  an  Ohio  berry.  Plant,  large,  vigorous,  healthy  and  produc- 
tive.     Fruit,  very  large,  roundish  conical,  dark  red,  firm  and  excellent. 

"  Peck's  gg  "  from  Missouri.  Plant,  large  and  healthy.  Makes  few 
runners,  has  a  pistillate  blossom  and  is  fairly  productive.  The  fruit  is  very 
large,  roundish  conical,  the  first  specimens  often  triangular,  but  never  mis- 
shapen. Color,  deep  red.  Flesh,  firm  and  very  rich,  delicious  flavor.  It 
will  be  well  suited  to  hill  culture  as  there  will  be  few  runners  to  cut. 

Haymaker  Raspberry  :  Found  by  Mr.  Haymaker  of  Earlville,  Port- 
age Co.,  O.  It  is  a  purple  variety  of  the  Shaffer  class,  and  probably  the 
most  productive  of  all  raspberries.  Here,  in  Northern  Ohio,  it  is  perfectly 
hardy.      Where  it  is  best  known  it  is  in  great  demand    as  a  market  berry. 


82  American  Pomological    Society 

Compared  with  the  Shaffer  it  is  much  more  productive,  of  about  the  same 
color  and  quaHty  but  not  as  large.  This  variety  has  been  grown  extensively 
by  C.  S.  Pratt  of  Reading,  Mass.,  where  it  succeeds  well. 

Comet  Currant :  I  imported  this  from  England  about  seven  years 
ago  and  have  grown  it  with  great  satisfaction.  It  is  a  vigorous  grower  and 
a  very  prolific  bearer.  It  is  uniformly  large  in  bunch  and  berry,  of  good 
red  color,  fine  flavor  and  very  attractive.  Some  of  the  fruit  remained  on 
the  bushes  in  good  condition  until  the  first  of  October  this  year.  Unlike 
the  Versaillaise  or  the  Fay  it  has  no  blind  eyes  and  no  unproductive 
plants. 

Perfectio7i  Currant :  I  have  seen  only  the  fruit  of  this  variety.  It  is 
very  large  in  both  bunch  and  berry,  of  good  quality  and  fine  looking. 

Blackberries 

Blower's :  Found  near  Portland,  Chautauqua  Co.,N.  Y.,  some  fifteen 
years  ago.  It  is  an  upright,  vigorous  grower,  very  hardy  and  enormously  pro 
ductive.  In  1903  I  saw  it  bearing  in  four  places  and  it  was  very  fine  every- 
where. One  man,  who  was  not  interested  in  its  introduction,  told  me  that  it 
had  not  failed  with  him  since  it  commenced  to  bear  seven  years  before.  A  sin- 
gle plant  produced  over  2600  berries.  It  commences  to  ripen  about  the  mid- 
dle of  July,  and  bears  about  two  months.  The  fruit  is  very  large  and  of  good 
quality.  A  full  crop  was  produced  this  year,  and  sold  at  $4.00  a  bushel 
and  no  other  large  variety  in  that  locality  produced  a  crop. 

Kenoyer :  Originated  at  Independence,  Kansas.  It  fruited  with  me 
this  year  for  the  first  time,  but  the  robins  took  most  of  the  berries.  I  had 
but  four  plants.  It  is  an  upright  grower  about  four  feet  high  and  is  thought 
to  be  a  very  desirable  variety.  The  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  the  Snyder. 
Those  who  know  it  best  speak  highly  of  its  quality. 

La  Grange :  This  variety  is  said  to  have  been  brought  from  Russia. 
It  is  being  grown  to  the  extent  of  several  acres  at  Potomac,  111.,  by  Chas. 
LaGrange,  but  has  not  been  offered  for  sale.  I  have  seen  some  branches 
of  the  fruit.  It  is  a  prolific  bearer,  of  rather  large  size,  fine  looking  and 
of  good  quality.     One  hundred  berries  made  a  quart. 

Watt :  This  originated  near  Lawrence,  Kansas,  and  is  of  very  great 
promise.  It  is  of  large  size,  very  superior  quality,  and  has  small  seeds. 
Not  yet  offered. 

In  regard  to  new  strawberries  not  ^^t  offered,  I  reported  on  the  Car- 
dinal last  year.  After  fruiting  it  on  my  own  place  this  year,  I  would  hardly 
care  to  change  my  report. 


D.   H.  HILL  LIBRARY 
North  Carolina  State  College 


